{"id":57575,"date":"2018-08-20T08:58:08","date_gmt":"2018-08-20T01:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=57575"},"modified":"2018-08-17T19:18:54","modified_gmt":"2018-08-17T12:18:54","slug":"les-agro-forets-de-cacao-sont-plus-que-du-chocolat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/57575\/les-agro-forets-de-cacao-sont-plus-que-du-chocolat","title":{"rendered":"Les agro-for\u00eats de cacao sont plus que du chocolat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le cacao est la principale source de revenus dans le sud du Cameroun, o\u00f9 il repr\u00e9sente 48% de l’utilisation totale des terres agricoles. Dans cette r\u00e9gion et dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions tropicales, la mani\u00e8re dont les agro-for\u00eats de cacao sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es d\u00e9pend \u00e9norm\u00e9ment des moyens de subsistance \u2013 mais aussi du climat.<\/p>\n

Les agro-for\u00eats de cacao varient consid\u00e9rablement en termes de composition et de structure des arbres, mais, jusqu’\u00e0 r\u00e9cemment, peu d’\u00e9tudes avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es pour comprendre l’impact de ces diff\u00e9rences sur les stocks de carbone. En attendant, les pratiques irresponsables de gestion des terres n\u2019avaient pas comme seul effet que les plantations de cacao \u00e9chouent \u00e0 contribuer aux objectifs de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions des pays, mais elles provoquaient \u00e9galement une d\u00e9gradation massive des for\u00eats dans des pays tels que la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire et le Ghana, responsables \u00e0 eux seuls des deux tiers de la production mondiale de cacao<\/a>. La \u2018ceinture de cacao\u2019 devenait de plus en plus sujette \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation et \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse, et les paysages de plants de cacao d\u2019autres pays \u00e0 forte production d\u2019Asie et d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine suivaient ses traces.<\/p>\n

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Lorsque la COP21 de la CCNUCC<\/a> \u00e0 Paris a vu les fabricants de chocolat commencer \u00e0 prendre des engagements li\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation, un revirement a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u2019op\u00e9rer dans les pratiques de l’industrie. Il est ainsi \u00e9galement devenu imp\u00e9ratif pour les scientifiques de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des connaissances pour aider les changements attendus \u00e0 transformer les paysages de for\u00eat de cacao de la mani\u00e8re la plus b\u00e9n\u00e9fique.<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9ponse, le Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale<\/a> (CIFOR) et les organisations partenaires ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 les stocks de carbone des agro-for\u00eats de cacao dans trois zones \u00e9cologiques du Cameroun m\u00e9ridional<\/a> (Yaound\u00e9, Mbalmayo et Ebolowa) et ont identifi\u00e9 les types de plantes et de syst\u00e8mes de gestion optimaux pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le stockage du carbone.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Ces connaissances sont importantes pour mettre en \u0153uvre les contributions nationales (NDC) au programme climatique mondial et ses mesures pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions dues \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats (REDD+<\/a>) en promouvant des cha\u00eenes de valeur de cacao durables \u00bb, d\u00e9clare l’auteur principal et chercheur principal du CIFOR, Denis Sonwa.<\/p>\n

Depuis Paris, les plus grandes entreprises de chocolat \u2013 Mars, Nestl\u00e9 et Ferrero, pour n’en citer que quelques-uns \u2013 se sont regroup\u00e9es dans une s\u00e9rie d\u2019accords, passant de l\u2019accord sign\u00e9 par le Prince de Galles<\/a> \u00e0 des \u2018cadres d\u2019action\u2019 sectoriels \u00e0 la COP23 \u00e0 Bonn<\/a>. L’objectif est de voir leur industrie atteindre un niveau de d\u00e9forestation nul et d’am\u00e9liorer les moyens de subsistance locaux, et cette recherche est une \u00e9tape cruciale du processus.<\/p>\n

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Rachel Olo, une cultivatrice de cacao camerounaise dont un hectare de terre rapporte 800 kg de cacao par an.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

LES CAMARADES DU CACAO<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de questions : comment les stocks de carbone des agro-for\u00eats de cacao variaient-ils selon les zones \u00e9cologiques et les m\u00e9thodes de gestion ; comment le stockage du carbone a diff\u00e9r\u00e9 entre les diff\u00e9rents types de plantes associ\u00e9es au cacao \u2013 et quels sont les stocks de certaines esp\u00e8ces cl\u00e9s, en particulier.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Ce que nous avons d\u00e9couvert, c’est que les agro-for\u00eats \u00e0 forte densit\u00e9 de produits forestiers industriels et de produits forestiers non ligneux de forte valeur \u00e9conomique stockaient deux \u00e0 trois fois plus que les autres syst\u00e8mes de gestion \u00bb, explique D. Sonwa.<\/p>\n

Les plantations avec une forte densit\u00e9 de bananiers et de palmiers \u00e0 huile sont arriv\u00e9es ensuite, et celles avec des densit\u00e9s de cacaoyers de 70% ou plus sont arriv\u00e9es en derni\u00e8re position. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, les parties a\u00e9riennes des plantes de ces divers types d’agro-for\u00eats de cacao stockaient 147 Mg de carbone par hectare, respectivement 49 Mg et 39 Mg.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 que les parties a\u00e9riennes des autres plantes repr\u00e9sentaient 70% du stockage de carbone, tandis que les cacaoyers ne repr\u00e9sentaient que 5%.<\/p>\n

Dans les trois zones \u00e9cologiques, le bois de grande valeur repr\u00e9sente 29,7% du carbone total stock\u00e9 en surface, \u00e0 49,9 Mg par hectare ; les esp\u00e8ces comestibles pour 15% ; et les plantes m\u00e9dicinales pour 6%.<\/p>\n

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Les f\u00e8ves peuvent \u00eatre transform\u00e9s en cr\u00e8me et en beurre, ce qui se vendent souvent \u00e0 des prix plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

DE RICHES B\u00c9N\u00c9FICES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Une autre conclusion de l\u2019\u00e9tude est que \u00ab les dix principales esp\u00e8ces stockaient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus de 50% de carbone contenu dans les plantes associ\u00e9es \u00bb, avec Terminalia superba<\/a><\/em> \u2013 un grand arbre \u00e0 feuilles caduques originaire des tropiques africains \u2013 parmi les esp\u00e8ces ayant une plus grande capacit\u00e9 de stockage (14 Mg par hectare).<\/p>\n

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Ces r\u00e9sultats \u00ab sugg\u00e8rent que les plantes associ\u00e9es contribuent non seulement \u00e0 l’ombrage, mais augmentent \u00e9galement la capacit\u00e9 des fermes \u00e0 stocker le carbone \u00bb, note l’\u00e9tude. Et les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de ces plantes vont bien au-del\u00e0. En effet, la plus grande capacit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique des agro-for\u00eats de cacao entra\u00eene une augmentation de la liti\u00e8re v\u00e9g\u00e9tale, du sol et des pr\u00e9cipitations, am\u00e9liorant ainsi le potentiel agronomique et environnemental du paysage. Parall\u00e8lement, une plantation de cacao en monoculture menace la durabilit\u00e9 agro\u00e9cologique globale.<\/p>\n

D. Sonwa souligne que les plantes autres que le cacao offrent une structure similaire \u00e0 celle des for\u00eats et que leurs produits et leurs services apparaissent comme des co-b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l’agroforesterie du cacao en plus du stockage du carbone. Le bois, les produits forestiers non ligneux, tels que les fruits, et les plantes m\u00e9dicinales peuvent tous contribuer aux moyens de subsistance locaux et \u00e0 la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Obtenir simultan\u00e9ment plusieurs produits et services dans la m\u00eame plantation augmente la r\u00e9silience des agriculteurs \u00bb, dit-il. \u00ab Cela est particuli\u00e8rement important car la pression sur les ressources naturelles augmente. \u00bb<\/p>\n

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La production de f\u00e8ves de cacao du sud du Cameroun repr\u00e9sente pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de la production totale du pays.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

AU-DEL\u00c0 DES F\u00c8VES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, le principal objectif des agro-for\u00eats de cacao \u00e9tait de produire des f\u00e8ves de cacao, mais la croissance d\u00e9mographique, le changement climatique et la perte de for\u00eats sont en train de modifier cette approche.<\/p>\n

Pour les chercheurs, les multiples fonctions des agro-for\u00eats de cacao devraient \u00eatre au centre des efforts visant \u00e0 lutter contre le r\u00e9chauffement climatique et \u00e0 obtenir de meilleurs r\u00e9sultats pour les populations et la plan\u00e8te. \u00ab C’est pourquoi nos r\u00e9sultats sont utiles aux scientifiques, ainsi qu’aux d\u00e9cideurs, aux agriculteurs et au secteur priv\u00e9 \u00bb, d\u00e9clare D. Sonwa.<\/p>\n

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Les conclusions du document peuvent, par exemple, \u00eatre utiles aux syst\u00e8mes de certification qui souhaitent am\u00e9liorer l\u2019empreinte environnementale du secteur du cacao. Ils offrent \u00e9galement des informations cl\u00e9s aux responsables de l\u2019agroforesterie du cacao, en particulier dans le contexte actuel o\u00f9 les objectifs de d\u00e9forestation z\u00e9ro sont au centre de nombreux programmes d\u2019entreprise.<\/p>\n

En Afrique subsaharienne, d\u2019o\u00f9 la majeure partie du cacao mondial provient, le document est certainement utile pour structurer les efforts visant \u00e0 lib\u00e9rer la cha\u00eene de valeur du cacao de la d\u00e9forestation. Mais au-del\u00e0 de cela, en Afrique centrale et dans le bassin du Congo, elle met en lumi\u00e8re des options agroforesti\u00e8res productives qui conservent les for\u00eats naturelles restantes tout en fournissant des moyens de subsistance.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous avons examin\u00e9 les agro-for\u00eats de cacao d’un point de vue \u00e9cologique, donc la prochaine \u00e9tape serait d’examiner les aspects \u00e9conomiques et de production \u00bb, explique D. Sonwa. \u00ab Par exemple, stocker plus de carbone dans les plantes associ\u00e9es affecte-t-il la production de cacao \u2013 et comment ? \u00bb<\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats montrent clairement que la gestion durable des agro-for\u00eats de cacao dans les paysages forestiers d’Afrique subsaharienne peut concilier la production de f\u00e8ves de cacao avec les r\u00e9ponses au changement climatique et les grandes initiatives mondiales, telles que les ODD.<\/p>\n

Mais, ils montrent \u00e9galement clairement combien il nous reste \u00e0 apprendre sur le Chocolat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le cacao est la principale source de revenus dans le sud du Cameroun, o\u00f9 il repr\u00e9sente 48% de l’utilisation totale des terres agricoles. Dans cette r\u00e9gion et dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions tropicales, la mani\u00e8re dont les agro-for\u00eats de cacao sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es d\u00e9pend \u00e9norm\u00e9ment des moyens de subsistance \u2013 mais aussi du climat. Les agro-for\u00eats de cacao […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265,"featured_media":57577,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[186,184],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12261],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3171,7902,2992,7903,7905,5607,3158,3156,7904],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3001,3000],"coauthors":[7135,7485],"class_list":["post-57575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-production-forests","category-value-chains-finance","language-francais","location-cameroon-africa","tag-francais-agroforesterie","tag-francais-cacao","tag-francais-cameroun","tag-francais-commodites","tag-francais-commodites-durables","tag-francais-culture-de-rente","tag-francais-forets-de-production","tag-francais-plantations","tag-francais-production-agricole","type-francais-a-la-une","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes agro-for\u00eats de cacao sont plus que du chocolat - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/57575\/les-agro-forets-de-cacao-sont-plus-que-du-chocolat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les agro-for\u00eats de cacao sont plus que du chocolat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le cacao est la principale source de revenus dans le sud du Cameroun, o\u00f9 il repr\u00e9sente 48% de l’utilisation totale des terres agricoles. 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