{"id":53615,"date":"2018-03-14T07:00:10","date_gmt":"2018-03-14T00:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=53615"},"modified":"2019-05-07T23:52:19","modified_gmt":"2019-05-07T16:52:19","slug":"decoder-le-marche-du-bois-domestique-au-cameroun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/53615\/decoder-le-marche-du-bois-domestique-au-cameroun","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9coder le march\u00e9 du bois domestique au Cameroun"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cameroun<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 Pays verdoyant, le Cameroun peut \u00eatre fier de ses 20 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eat, qui couvrent pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de son territoire. En Afrique, c\u2019est le plus important exportateur de bois tropical vers l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, dont la majorit\u00e9 repr\u00e9sente des bois de sciage destin\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Italie et \u00e0 l\u2019Espagne.<\/p>\n

Si sa r\u00e9putation n\u2019est plus \u00e0 faire comme exportateur international de bois, son march\u00e9 et son commerce du bois sur le plan national n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9s que r\u00e9cemment.<\/p>\n

Les politiques foresti\u00e8res camerounaises semblent ignorer leur existence, car aucune donn\u00e9e officielle n\u2019est recueillie pour \u00e9valuer les impacts \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux et sociaux de ce secteur, ce qui fait que l\u2019\u00c9tat est le grand perdant de la croissance de ce secteur informel.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est plut\u00f4t paradoxal \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 les stup\u00e9fiants volumes qui s\u2019\u00e9changent sur ce march\u00e9 ainsi que les recettes qui en d\u00e9coulent. Les recherches<\/a> conduites par le Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale (CIFOR) indiquent que si l\u2019on prend en compte la production artisanale de sciages vendus sur le march\u00e9 domestique dans les statistiques nationales, la production nationale totale atteindrait 4,3 millions de m3<\/sup> par an, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire presque le double des chiffres officiels publi\u00e9s par le gouvernement.<\/p>\n

Dans ce pays, le sciage artisanal est une activit\u00e9 vitale pour des dizaines de milliers de Camerounais, urbains comme ruraux. Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, ce secteur est devenu aussi important que celui du for\u00eat-bois industriel, en cr\u00e9ant 45 000 emplois directs et en d\u00e9gageant plus de 32 milliards FCFA.<\/p>\n

Alors pourquoi ce secteur se maintient-il dans l\u2019ombre ?<\/p>\n

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Les op\u00e9rations domestiques \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle de sciage \u00e0 la tron\u00e7onneuse fournissent plus de 45 000 emplois directs au Cameroun.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

L\u2019importance des d\u00e9finitions: comparons \u2018informel\u2019 et \u2018ill\u00e9gal\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u2019entendons-nous exactement par secteur \u2018domestique\u2019 du bois? Traditionnellement, cette d\u00e9nomination se rapporte \u00e0 toute activit\u00e9 d\u2019abattage qui ne rel\u00e8ve pas du secteur industriel du bois visant l\u2019exportation. Les acteurs sont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de petits agriculteurs qui utilisent des outils artisanaux comme des haches ou des tron\u00e7onneuses pour couper le bois dans les for\u00eats qui bordent les routes. Toute la cha\u00eene de valeur est alors caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par des pratiques informelles, de la coupe des arbres \u00e0 la vente des sciages.<\/p>\n

Le probl\u00e8me est l\u00e0. Il n\u2019existe aucune loi qui r\u00e9gisse ces pratiques informelles.<\/p>\n

Consid\u00e9rer comme ill\u00e9gaux ces exploitants forestiers reviendrait \u00e0 dire qu’ils contreviennent sciemment \u00e0 la loi. Or, aucune loi n\u2019existe en la mati\u00e8re. Bien que les m\u00e9thodes informelles ne respectent pas toujours la r\u00e9glementation nationale, elles ne violent pas non plus syst\u00e9matiquement la loi. Pour cette raison, les chercheurs pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent employer le terme d\u2019\u2018informel\u2019 plut\u00f4t que celui d\u2019 \u2018ill\u00e9gal\u2019, car ils se gardent de pointer du doigt les petits exploitants qui n\u2019ont pas d\u2019intention criminelle.<\/p>\n

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Un petit exploitant r\u00e9colte du bois. Photo: M. Edliadi\/ CIFOR Photo: M. Edliadi\/ CIFOR <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sciage pour la production de bois. Photo M. Edliadi\/ CIFOR Photo M. Edliadi\/ CIFOR <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n
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Un artisan b\u00fbcheron transporte une planche de bois fra\u00eechement sci\u00e9e. Photo: M. Edliadi\/ CIFOR<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

Une situation paradoxale<\/strong><\/p>\n

En 1994, le Cameroun a adopt\u00e9 une loi foresti\u00e8re qui concernait surtout le secteur forestier industriel li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Le bois produit par l\u2019exploitation artisanale pour le march\u00e9 domestique n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 pris en compte. Ce type de production est toujours absent des statistiques officielles.Comme si cela ne suffisait pas, les permis de coupe autoris\u00e9s pour les petits exploitants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 suspendus entre 1999 et 2006. Ceci a eu pour cons\u00e9quence de pousser les petits scieurs \u00e0 travailler hors du cadre l\u00e9gal, pour essayer de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 une demande croissante dans le pays, qui n\u2019est pas satisfaite par le secteur industriel \u00e0 ce jour.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est une situation paradoxale. Les scieurs artisanaux n\u2019existent pas officiellement dans les registres, tout en \u00e9tant consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des criminels aux yeux de la loi.<\/p>\n

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Vendeurs de bois sur le march\u00e9 du bois \u00e0 Douala, au Cameroun. Photo: Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

Une corruption end\u00e9mique<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le fait de consid\u00e9rer les usagers des for\u00eats locales comme des criminels est une excuse pour des milliers de fonctionnaires, dont policiers et militaires, qui collectent des millions en \u00ab pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements \u00bb aupr\u00e8s des petits exploitants.<\/p>\n

La nature informelle du march\u00e9 domestique du bois a en effet cr\u00e9\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me de paiement terrifiant, organis\u00e9 par des agents de l\u2019\u00c9tat pour leur profit personnel, et auquel les usagers ne peuvent se soustraire,.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Ils abusent \u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mefor Chrisantus, un petit exploitant qui vend du bois sur la place du march\u00e9 de Douala . \u00ab \u00c0 chaque \u00e9tape de la cha\u00eene de valeur, vous \u00eates confront\u00e9 \u00e0 la corruption. Les fonctionnaires vous disent que votre bois n\u2019est pas l\u00e9gal et exigent de l\u2019argent. Que puis-je faire ? Je suis sans d\u00e9fense. Aucune loi ne me prot\u00e8ge. \u00bb<\/p>\n

D\u2019apr\u00e8s les recherches du CIFOR<\/a>, il est estim\u00e9 que les fonctionnaires camerounais corrompus collectent jusqu\u2019\u00e0 11 millions USD par an en paiements informels.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Les volumes de bois \u00e9chang\u00e9s sur le march\u00e9 domestique sont impressionants: pr\u00e8s de 4,3 millions de m\u00e8tres cubes par an. Photo: Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR Photo: Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Le transport du bois est souvent h\u00e9riss\u00e9 de difficult\u00e9s. Les fonctionnaires corrompus surgissent aux \u00abpoints de contr\u00f4le\u00bb pour exiger des paiements sur les routes. Photo: Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR Photo: Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n
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Les artisans b\u00fbcherons attendent avec impatience le jour o\u00f9 ils seront finalement int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans le cadre l\u00e9gal camerounais. Photo: Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

La plupart des scieurs artisanaux souhaitent payer des taxes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat parce qu\u2019ils rentreraient alors dans un cadre l\u00e9gal. Mais ce ne sera pas facile d\u2019y parvenir, car il faudra remporter la bataille contre certaines personnes qui ont beaucoup \u00e0 perdre par la formalisation de ce secteur.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Mon plus grand regret est que tout l\u2019argent va dans la poche des gros bonnets alors que l\u2019\u00c9tat reste pauvre \u00bb, poursuit Chrisantus.<\/p>\n

\u00ab D\u2019apr\u00e8s nos travaux, nous estimons que la plupart des petits exploitants n\u2019auraient pas de probl\u00e8me pour payer des taxes dans un cadre l\u00e9gal \u00bb, pr\u00e9cise Paolo Cerutti, scientifique au CIFOR en poste au Cameroun et co-auteur de l\u2019\u00e9tude. \u00ab Mais c\u2019est une t\u00e2che hercul\u00e9enne parce que des milliers et des milliers de personnes sont impliqu\u00e9es. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous sommes dispos\u00e9s \u00e0 payer une taxe \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat pour qu\u2019il prot\u00e8ge notre secteur d\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00bb, indique Effa Antoine, Pr\u00e9sident national d\u2019ANCOVA, association \u00e9tablie en 2012 afin de regrouper l\u2019ensemble des vendeurs de bois du Cameroun dans l\u2019optique d\u2019am\u00e9liorer leurs conditions de travail. \u00ab Nous ne sommes pas des criminels. Nous voulons contribuer au bien de l\u2019\u00c9tat. \u00bb<\/p>\n

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Vue a\u00e9rienne du march\u00e9 prosp\u00e8re du bois domestique de Douala. Photo par: Ollivier Girard \/ CIFOR<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n

La route sera longue<\/strong><\/p>\n

Depuis le d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2008, les scientifiques du CIFOR \u00e9tudient le secteur domestique du bois au Cameroun, ainsi qu\u2019au Gabon (Libreville), en R\u00e9publique du Congo (Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire), en R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (Kinshasa) et en R\u00e9publique centrafricaine (Bangui) en Afrique, mais aussi en \u00c9quateur et au P\u00e9rou en Am\u00e9rique latine et en Indon\u00e9sie en Asie du Sud-Est.<\/p>\n

Forts de leurs travaux de recherche, P. Cerutti et de ses coll\u00e8gues s\u2019int\u00e9ressent maintenant au renforcement des capacit\u00e9s et \u00e0 la mobilisation. Depuis 2015, ils ont travaill\u00e9 en \u00e9troite collaboration avec ANCOVA pour faciliter le dialogue entre les petits scieurs et l\u2019\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n

En vertu du r\u00e9cent plan d\u2019action FLEGT (Accord sur l\u2019application des r\u00e9glementations foresti\u00e8res, la gouvernance et les \u00e9changes commerciaux), le Cameroun a sign\u00e9 un accord de partenariat volontaire (APV) avec l\u2019UE. Cela devrait se traduire par l\u2019adoption d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 pour garantir la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de tous les produits issus des op\u00e9rations foresti\u00e8res, qu\u2019ils soient commercialis\u00e9s sur le march\u00e9 international ou le march\u00e9 domestique.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape positive en vue de faire sortir de l\u2019ombre des dizaines de milliers de petits exploitants.<\/p>\n

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Planches de bois en vente au march\u00e9 domestique du bois de Douala. Photo : Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Un scieur artisanal attend les clients au march\u00e9 domestique du bois de Douala. Photo : Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR <\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n
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La route sera longue avant de parvenir \u00e0 la l\u00e9galisation du march\u00e9 domestique du bois du Cameroun. Photo : Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure>\n

*Avec un rapport compl\u00e9mentaire de Fai Collins <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cameroun \u2013 Pays verdoyant, le Cameroun peut \u00eatre fier de ses 20 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eat, qui couvrent pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de son territoire. En Afrique, c\u2019est le plus important exportateur de bois tropical vers l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, dont la majorit\u00e9 repr\u00e9sente des bois de sciage destin\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Italie et \u00e0 l\u2019Espagne. Si sa r\u00e9putation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":219,"featured_media":55137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090,13],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12261],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[5896,5646,7575,5597,5647,5522,3077],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3001,3010],"coauthors":[6426,7485],"class_list":["post-53615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","category-governance","language-francais","location-cameroon-africa","tag-francais-abattage-illegal","tag-francais-bois","tag-francais-bois-illegal","tag-francais-certification","tag-francais-commerce-du-bois","tag-francais-flegt","tag-francais-gouvernance","type-francais-a-la-une","type-francais-photo-reportage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9coder le march\u00e9 du bois domestique au Cameroun - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/53615\/decoder-le-marche-du-bois-domestique-au-cameroun\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D\u00e9coder le march\u00e9 du bois domestique au Cameroun\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cameroun \u2013 Pays verdoyant, le Cameroun peut \u00eatre fier de ses 20 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eat, qui couvrent pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de son territoire. 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