{"id":4175,"date":"2011-09-19T06:47:44","date_gmt":"2011-09-19T06:47:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=4175"},"modified":"2018-02-07T11:03:44","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T04:03:44","slug":"chine-afrique-express-quand-le-business-decolle-quest-ce-qui-se-passe-sur-le-terrain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/4175\/chine-afrique-express-quand-le-business-decolle-quest-ce-qui-se-passe-sur-le-terrain","title":{"rendered":"Chine-Afrique Express : Quand le business d\u00e9colle, qu’est ce qui se passe sur le terrain ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Chinese propaganda poster from 1975 depicting Chinese agricultural aid to Africa Chinese engagements in the Congo Basin and on the African continent in general proliferated in the 1960s and 1970s. Many early development assistance projects from China were agricultural projects, such as the one featured in this 1975 propaganda poster, captioned \u2018Revolutionary friendship is as deep as the ocean\u2019. Source: Collection International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam. Designer: Guo Hongwu. Publisher: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1975.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (19 septembre, 2011) \u2013 L\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, j\u2019ai pris ce que j\u2019appelle le Chine-Afrique Express pour me rendre \u00e0 Nairobi, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le vol Kenya Airways 887, qui va de Nairobi \u00e0 Guangzhou en passant par Bangkok et vice versa. Prendre ce vol m\u2019a rappel\u00e9, d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re, \u00e0 quel point le monde est en train de changer.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 bord de cet avion, des n\u00e9gociants originaires des quatre coins de l\u2019Afrique se rendaient dans le sud de la Chine pour acheter des biens manufactur\u00e9s qu\u2019ils revendraient chez eux, tandis que des passagers venus de toute la Chine allaient se disperser dans toute l\u2019Afrique pour construire, investir, acheter des ressources naturelles, et pour vivre et travailler.<\/p>\n

C\u2019\u00e9tait un vol complet, et l\u2019un des plus vivants que je n\u2019avais jamais pris depuis des ann\u00e9es, avec toutes ces personnes en d\u00e9placement. Bien s\u00fbr, chaque jour apporte de nouvelles histoires sur les investissements chinois r\u00e9alis\u00e9s en Afrique et la qu\u00eate des ressources pr\u00e9cieuses du continent par les entrepreneurs chinois. Parfois pour le meilleur \u2013 l\u2019activit\u00e9 chinoise am\u00e9liore les termes de l\u2019\u00e9change de l\u2019Afrique et apporte des investissements (peut-\u00eatre) moins assortis de conditions politiques \u2013, et parfois pour le pire \u2013 les politiques chinoises soutiennent les \u00c9tat parias et profitent des r\u00e9gimes laxistes en mati\u00e8re de protection des droits de l\u2019homme et de l\u2019environnement pour obtenir plus de minerais, de p\u00e9trole, de bois, de terres.<\/p>\n

Ces histoires r\u00e9v\u00e8lent cependant beaucoup de partis pris diff\u00e9rents et les analyses objectives sont difficiles \u00e0 trouver. Les comptes rendus africains font souvent \u00e9tat d\u2019une grande fatigue suite \u00e0 des ann\u00e9es de domination \u00e9conomique et politique de l\u2019Occident, ayant conduit certains \u00e0 accueillir les politiques \u00ab sans condition \u00bb de la Chine sans se poser de questions sur les potentiels inconv\u00e9nients environnementaux et sociaux. Les comptes rendus occidentaux accusent parfois la Chine de n\u00e9ocolonialisme, d\u2019une \u00ab invasion \u00e9conomique agressive \u00bb de l\u2019Afrique et de nouvelles formes de mercantilisme. La presse d\u2019\u00c9tat chinoise s\u2019empresse quant \u00e0 elle de contrer toute information potentiellement n\u00e9gative : un responsable allemand semble (en partie) mettre<\/a> la s\u00e9cheresse de cette ann\u00e9e en Afrique de l\u2019Est sur le dos des acquisitions de terres agricoles effectu\u00e9es par la Chine pour exporter des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales ; le minist\u00e8re chinois du Commerce, cit\u00e9 dans le China Daily, r\u00e9torque<\/a> que la Chine n\u2019importe aucune \u00ab graine c\u00e9r\u00e9ali\u00e8re \u00bb d\u2019Afrique. Ce cirque m\u00e9diatique dure maintenant depuis des ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Pour les chercheurs, les affirmations de la presse constituent de bonnes hypoth\u00e8ses \u00e0 \u00e9tudier. Plusieurs groupes de recherche essaient actuellement d\u2019obtenir des indications plus objectives sur l\u2019importance \u00e9conomique et environnementale des changements dans les flux d\u2019\u00e9change et d\u2019investissement internationaux, sur l\u2019ascendance rapide des pays BRICS<\/a> (en particulier la Chine) et sur les efforts que font les gouvernements africains et les institutions de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile pour mieux g\u00e9rer leur \u00e9conomie, leur environnement et leurs ressources naturelles face aux \u00e9volutions rapides.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Artisanal small-scale mining is common in the Congo Basin region. A significant proportion of exported ores and minerals are extracted by individuals and families such as those shown here washing copper and cobalt ore by hand in a river in DR Congo\u2019s Katanga province. Photo by FairPhone (www.fairphone.com).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alors nous nous demandons : la chine est-elle r\u00e9ellement \u00ab diff\u00e9rente \u00bb (concernant les impacts sociaux et environnementaux de ses \u00e9changes et investissements en Afrique) et si oui, pourquoi ? Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une question simple qui g\u00e9n\u00e9rera in\u00e9vitablement de nombreuses r\u00e9ponses incroyablement compliqu\u00e9es. En fait, c\u2019est tellement complexe que nous avons seulement commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 analyser les questions et \u00e0 collecter le type de donn\u00e9es n\u00e9cessaires pour proposer des r\u00e9ponses plus fiables. Une importante quantit\u00e9 de travail a \u00e9t\u00e9 entam\u00e9e par des groupes tels que Fahamu<\/a>, l\u2019Institut sud-africain des affaires internationales<\/a>, et le Centre des \u00e9tudes chinoises<\/a> de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stellenbosch, dans une tentative de comprendre ce qu\u2019impliquent, pour les pays africains, les nouveaux types d\u2019aide au d\u00e9veloppement, les aides mon\u00e9taires et les contrats commerciaux qu\u2019apporte la Chine aux pays historiquement vuln\u00e9rables d\u2019un point de vue \u00e9conomique et politique.<\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, certains d\u2019entre nous, au CIFOR, travaillent sur un projet visant \u00e0 comprendre sp\u00e9cifiquement comment les nouvelles configurations d\u2019\u00e9change et d\u2019investissement associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la Chine vont probablement affecter les for\u00eats et les moyens de subsistance bas\u00e9s sur la foresterie en Afrique. Cette ann\u00e9e, le International Forestry Review a publi\u00e9 un article<\/a> bas\u00e9 sur les recherches de Paolo Cerutti et de ses coll\u00e8gues, et nous venons juste de r\u00e9diger une synth\u00e8se sur un ensemble d\u2019\u00e9tudes pr\u00e9liminaires que nous avons r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans plusieurs pays du bassin du Congo.<\/p>\n

Certains lecteurs seraient surpris par les r\u00e9sultats de ce travail. Dans l\u2019industrie foresti\u00e8re camerounaise, par exemple, Cerutti et ses coll\u00e8gues ont d\u00e9couvert que, si diff\u00e9rents march\u00e9s demandent des esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes, ce qui a diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9percussions sur les for\u00eats, l\u2019origine des entreprises travaillant dans l\u2019exploitation du bois, qu\u2019elles soient chinoises ou autres, n\u2019a pas d\u2019incidence manifeste.<\/p>\n

Une entreprise qui exporte vers l\u2019Europe a tendance \u00e0 abattre un nombre limit\u00e9 d\u2019esp\u00e8ces qui sont privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es sur le march\u00e9, tandis que les entreprises qui exportent vers la Chine ont tendance \u00e0 abattre et traiter davantage d\u2019esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes par zone. En foresterie, c\u2019est parfois consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une bonne chose. Exploiter un large \u00e9ventail d\u2019esp\u00e8ces peut r\u00e9duire la pression sur les esp\u00e8ces les plus pris\u00e9es susceptibles de diminuer dans les for\u00eats exploit\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re s\u00e9lective, et cela peut \u00e9galement g\u00e9n\u00e9rer plus d\u2019avantages \u00e9conomiques par zone exploit\u00e9e. D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, cela peut encore plus endommager le peuplement forestier par hectare, puisqu\u2019un plus grand nombre d\u2019arbres total peut \u00eatre abattu. Dans le m\u00eame temps, d\u2019apr\u00e8s le petit \u00e9chantillon d\u2019entreprises \u00e9tudi\u00e9es par l\u2019article de Cerutti, il ne semble pas qu\u2019il y ait eu de grandes diff\u00e9rences dans la mani\u00e8re dont les communaut\u00e9s locales autour des concessions foresti\u00e8res ont d\u00e9termin\u00e9 : si l\u2019entreprise \u00e9tait chinoise ou non, certifi\u00e9e conforme \u00e0 une norme \u00e9lev\u00e9e d\u2019exploitation durable ou non, si la population locale semblait mieux s\u2019en sortir ou moins bien, \u00e9conomiquement parlant. Donc\u2026 d\u2019apr\u00e8s cette \u00e9tude (de nombreuses autres sont n\u00e9cessaires), qu\u2019une entreprise soit chinoise ou non n\u2019a pas toujours forc\u00e9ment d\u2019importance.<\/p>\n

La synth\u00e8se sur le bassin du Congo <\/a>constitue un ensemble d\u2019informations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales devant nous aider \u00e0 \u00e9laborer des questions de recherche plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9es pour examiner les impacts du commerce et des investissements de la Chine dans les minerais, le bois et l\u2019agriculture au Gabon, en R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo et au Cameroun. Alors qu\u2019il est trop t\u00f4t pour pr\u00e9senter des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs, il est devenu clair durant cette recherche que l\u2019une des caract\u00e9ristiques qui diff\u00e9rencie les entreprises chinoises travaillant en Afrique aujourd\u2019hui est que dans certains endroits, elles interagissent tr\u00e8s fortement avec les petits producteurs, notamment les petits producteurs artisanaux de minerai, par exemple. D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, comme l\u2019avaient r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents travaux men\u00e9s ailleurs (en Amazonie<\/a>), le lien direct que fournissent les n\u00e9gociants chinois aux petits producteurs peut apporter davantage de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices \u00e9conomiques directs \u00e0 la population locale. D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, les activit\u00e9s d\u2019extraction de ressources \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle, souvent informelles, voire ill\u00e9gales, sont difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9glementer d\u2019un point de vue environnemental et social. Les gouvernements de la r\u00e9gion ont des programmes d\u2019officialisation des activit\u00e9s \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle, lesquels peuvent r\u00e9duire les potentiels effets n\u00e9gatifs tout en permettant aux populations locales de continuer \u00e0 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de la demande du march\u00e9 pour leurs ressources, mais une plus grande attention \u00e0 ces questions est n\u00e9cessaire.<\/p>\n

Et pendant ce temps, le Chine-Afrique Express continue de d\u00e9coller, tous les jours. Comment les arbres et les populations s\u2019en sortent sur le terrain est une question sur laquelle le CIFOR apportera plus d\u2019 informations scientifiques dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (19 septembre, 2011) \u2013 L\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, j\u2019ai pris ce que j\u2019appelle le Chine-Afrique Express pour me rendre \u00e0 Nairobi, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le vol Kenya Airways 887, qui va de Nairobi \u00e0 Guangzhou en passant par Bangkok et vice versa. Prendre ce vol m\u2019a rappel\u00e9, d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re, \u00e0 quel point le monde est en […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":4171,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1072,184],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12246,12220],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[234],"class_list":["post-4175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-landscapes","category-value-chains-finance","language-francais","location-africa","location-congo-basin","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChine-Afrique Express : Quand le business d\u00e9colle, qu'est ce qui se passe sur le terrain ? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/4175\/chine-afrique-express-quand-le-business-decolle-quest-ce-qui-se-passe-sur-le-terrain\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chine-Afrique Express : Quand le business d\u00e9colle, qu'est ce qui se passe sur le terrain ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (19 septembre, 2011) \u2013 L\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, j\u2019ai pris ce que j\u2019appelle le Chine-Afrique Express pour me rendre \u00e0 Nairobi, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le vol Kenya Airways 887, qui va de Nairobi \u00e0 Guangzhou en passant par Bangkok et vice versa. 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