{"id":38878,"date":"2015-12-16T19:02:41","date_gmt":"2015-12-16T12:02:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=38878"},"modified":"2015-12-16T19:02:41","modified_gmt":"2015-12-16T12:02:41","slug":"renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/38878\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis","title":{"rendered":"Renforcer les droits relatifs aux biens communs : une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Il y a pr\u00e8s de 20 ans, en 1996, le gouvernement namibien a attribu\u00e9 des droits \u00e0 la faune sauvage, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire aux \u00e9l\u00e9phants, rhinoc\u00e9ros noir, lions et nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d&rsquo;antilopes, en cr\u00e9ant des nouvelles aires de conservation g\u00e9r\u00e9es par les communaut\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e9sormais, la Namibie a \u00e9tabli 82 aires de conservation communautaire, couvrant 20 pourcent de son territoire. Ces aires ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 du travail pour plusieurs milliers de r\u00e9sidents locaux. Les recettes provenant des g\u00eetes touristiques b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient \u00e0 la construction d&rsquo;\u00e9coles et d&rsquo;h\u00f4pitaux. L&rsquo;environnement se porte \u00e9galement mieux, car les hommes ont abandonn\u00e9 leur b\u00e9tail en faveur de la faune sauvage qui est mieux adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;environnement semi-aride de la Namibie.<\/p>\n<p>Quelque chose de semblable est survenu au Guatemala, en 1990. Le gouvernement a alors cr\u00e9\u00e9 la R\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re Maya en affectant environ 40 pourcent de la r\u00e9serve \u00e0 des concessions foresti\u00e8res communautaires. Les concessions ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des revenus consid\u00e9rables, principalement gr\u00e2ce au commerce durable d&rsquo;acajou et de teck d&rsquo;une grande valeur. Les taux de d\u00e9forestation au sein de ces concessions ont consid\u00e9rablement diminu\u00e9. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>Ce sont deux exemples d&rsquo;initiatives visant \u00e0 \u00e9tablir de nouvelles institutions et entreprises communes. Concr\u00e8tement, elles ont cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 connecter des biens et services produits au niveau local \u00e0 des march\u00e9s \u00e0 forte valeur ajout\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les deux cas, les r\u00e9sidents locaux ont tir\u00e9 des avantages sociaux, \u00e9conomiques et environnementaux importants.<\/p>\n<h4>L&rsquo;H\u00c9RITAGE COLONIAL<\/h4>\n<p>Ces cas illustrent les gains qu&rsquo;ont fait certaines communaut\u00e9s, d\u00e9pendantes de for\u00eats communales et d&rsquo;autres ressources naturelles, dans le tiers monde au cours des 20 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es en regagnant une part plus importante de l&rsquo;utilisation, de la gestion et d&rsquo;autres droits concernant ces for\u00eats. Ces zones ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tenues et administr\u00e9es pendant et apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9poque coloniale par des organismes gouvernementaux, souvent au d\u00e9triment de ces communaut\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Les gouvernements des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement avaient tendance \u00e0 conserver le mod\u00e8le colonial de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tatique, m\u00eame apr\u00e8s leurs ind\u00e9pendances. Lorsque la r\u00e9glementation gouvernementale relative \u00e0 l&rsquo;extraction du bois et aux d\u00e9veloppements \u00e9tait faible, les populations locales devaient subir les co\u00fbts environnementaux et sociaux de la d\u00e9gradation des terres et des bassins versants. N\u00e9anmoins, ces populations ont eu peu ou pas de pouvoir pour prot\u00e9ger leurs terres et for\u00eats locales contre l&#8217;empi\u00e9tement par des \u00e9trangers. Les r\u00e8gles locales d&rsquo;attribution des droits sur les ressources perdaient ainsi de vigueur. Dans de nombreux cas, la capacit\u00e9 institutionnelle locale de gouverner l&rsquo;utilisation des ressources s&rsquo;est d\u00e9grad\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9glementation gouvernementale de l&rsquo;utilisation des for\u00eats pouvait aussi \u00eatre agressive et punitive. Souvent, les populations locales pouvaient seulement utiliser les ressources si elles r\u00e9ussissaient d&rsquo;obtenir la permission ou de payer des frais. Dans certains endroits, les usages traditionnels des for\u00eats, tels que la chasse de subsistance et la collecte de produits forestiers non ligneux, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 criminalis\u00e9s. Dans plusieurs pays sah\u00e9lien d&rsquo;Afrique de l&rsquo;Ouest, les agriculteurs devaient obtenir des permis pour couper des arbres qu&rsquo;ils avaient plant\u00e9s sur leurs propres fermes. Le r\u00e9sultat : moins d&rsquo;arbres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plant\u00e9s. <div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9alis\u00e9s au cours des 20 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es montrent comment la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re et la clarification des droits peuvent cr\u00e9er des conditions favorables \u00e0 une meilleure gestion des ressources, aux investissements ext\u00e9rieurs et \u00e0 un partage plus \u00e9quitable des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices issus des biens communs.<\/p>\n<h4>LA PROCHAINE G\u00c9N\u00c9RATION<\/h4>\n<p>Pourtant, nous sommes actuellement dans ce qu&rsquo;on pourrait appeler la \u00ab prochaine g\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u00bb de d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s \u00e0 la gestion des ressources de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 commune : les communaut\u00e9s disposent de droits nouvellement renforc\u00e9s sur les ressources, mais quelle est la suite ?<\/p>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 les avancements, les modalit\u00e9s de gouvernance locale des ressources ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre fragiles et les entreprises locales ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre faibles. En outre, les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;attribution des droits ont attir\u00e9 l&rsquo;attention sur la pauvret\u00e9 persistante dans de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s qui d\u00e9pendent de ressources couramment utilis\u00e9es, telles que les p\u00e2turages, la p\u00eache et l&rsquo;eau, la faune sauvage ainsi que les for\u00eats.<\/p>\n<p>Au d\u00e9but de la liste des d\u00e9fis de la prochaine g\u00e9n\u00e9ration figure donc : comment faire en sorte que les communaut\u00e9s, disposant de droits r\u00e9cemment renforc\u00e9s sur les ressources, peuvent \u00e9tablir de solides \u00e9conomies locales bas\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;utilisation durable des ressources naturelles locales. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>Tout d&rsquo;abord, ceci n\u00e9cessitera de nouvelles formes d&rsquo;arrangements de gouvernance locale, ainsi que des entreprises locales capables non seulement de commercialiser des produits et services locaux \u00e0 forte valeur ajout\u00e9e, mais \u00e9galement de le faire d&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re qui garantisse des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices \u00e9quitables aux d\u00e9tenteurs des droits locaux. Des interm\u00e9diaires, par exemple des ONG, peuvent jouer un r\u00f4le d\u00e9terminant dans le renforcement du sens des affaires locales et dans la n\u00e9gociation d&rsquo;accords avec des entreprises et investisseurs ext\u00e9rieurs. Ceci peut \u00e9galement instaurer la confiance entre des acteurs qui ne sont pas habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 travailler ensemble.<\/p>\n<p>En outre, il est important de prendre en compte la capacit\u00e9 des personnes \u00e0 participer aux entreprises communes en fonction de leur \u00e2ge, \u00e9ducation, sexe, \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9, ainsi que d&rsquo;autres facteurs sociaux et d\u00e9mographiques. Une appr\u00e9ciation de ces diff\u00e9rences et de la fa\u00e7on dont elles se manifestent dans les dynamiques du pouvoir peut aider \u00e0 lutter contre la puissance des \u00e9lites face aux entreprises communautaires, tout en fa\u00e7onnant des arrangements de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices qui assurent que tout les ayants droit obtiennent une part \u00e9quitable des retomb\u00e9s issues de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 commune.<\/p>\n<p>Cette nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fis n&rsquo;est, de toute \u00e9vidence, pas moins ardue que celle des \u00e9poques ant\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n<p>Explorer les solutions a fait partie de l&rsquo;objectif de la table ronde, intitul\u00e9e \u00ab <a href=\"http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/glf-2015\/agenda-item\/day-1-saturday-5-december-2\/6-parallel-discussion-forums-2\/commons-tenure-for-a-common-future\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s communes pour un avenir commun<\/a> \u00bb, lors du Forum Mondial sur les Paysages 2015, le samedi 5 d\u00e9cembre. En abordant ces enjeux en profondeur, nous pouvons aider \u00e0 ce que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 commune engendre des avantages communs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Il y a pr\u00e8s de 20 ans, en 1996, le gouvernement namibien a attribu\u00e9 des droits \u00e0 la faune sauvage, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire aux \u00e9l\u00e9phants, rhinoc\u00e9ros noir, lions et nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d&rsquo;antilopes, en cr\u00e9ant des nouvelles aires de conservation g\u00e9r\u00e9es par les communaut\u00e9s. D\u00e9sormais, la Namibie a \u00e9tabli 82 aires de conservation communautaire, couvrant 20 pourcent de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":166,"featured_media":38880,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[173],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12246,12288,12239,12317],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[6340,3381,3396,6339,6338,3427,3481,6337],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[1917],"class_list":["post-38878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender-justice-tenure","language-francais","location-africa","location-guatemala","location-latin-america","location-namibia","tag-francais-communs","tag-francais-foresterie-communautaire","tag-francais-global-landscapes-forum-2015","tag-francais-guatemala","tag-francais-namibie","tag-francais-paysage","tag-francais-regime-et-droit-foncier","tag-francais-steven-lawry","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Renforcer les droits relatifs aux biens communs : une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fis - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/38878\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Renforcer les droits relatifs aux biens communs : une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Il y a pr\u00e8s de 20 ans, en 1996, le gouvernement namibien a attribu\u00e9 des droits \u00e0 la faune sauvage, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire aux \u00e9l\u00e9phants, rhinoc\u00e9ros noir, lions et nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d&rsquo;antilopes, en cr\u00e9ant des nouvelles aires de conservation g\u00e9r\u00e9es par les communaut\u00e9s. D\u00e9sormais, la Namibie a \u00e9tabli 82 aires de conservation communautaire, couvrant 20 pourcent de [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/38878\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-12-16T12:02:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Jorge-Martinez_Compartiendo_Chicha_1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"813\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"415\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Steven Lawry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@StevenLawry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38878\\\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38878\\\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Steven Lawry\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/5942b6d0ff3ed3c48e88caf93868a07a\"},\"headline\":\"Renforcer les droits relatifs aux biens communs : une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de d\u00e9fis\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-12-16T12:02:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38878\\\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis\"},\"wordCount\":1109,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38878\\\/renforcer-les-droits-relatifs-aux-biens-communs-une-nouvelle-generation-de-defis#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/Jorge-Martinez_Compartiendo_Chicha_1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Gender, justice &amp; 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He was formerly director of CIFOR\u2019s Forests and Governance Research portfolio. His research focuses on the effects of land tenure and resource governance regimes on social, economic and environmental outcomes. An example of his recent research is a systematic review of the literature on the impact of land rights formalization on agricultural productivity and investment in Latin America, Africa and Asia, published in January 2014. Dr. Lawry has published studies and scholarly articles on the social and ecological effects resulting from the devolution of forest rights from state authorities to communities in developing countries; the governance of land use in customary tenure regimes in sub-Saharan Africa; and tenure factors affecting adoption of agroforestry technologies in West Africa, among other topics. He received a PhD from the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1988. 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