{"id":38546,"date":"2015-12-09T20:03:17","date_gmt":"2015-12-09T13:03:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=38546"},"modified":"2015-12-10T02:21:33","modified_gmt":"2015-12-09T19:21:33","slug":"la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/38546\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique","title":{"rendered":"La loi est \u00e0 la base des investissements durables en Afrique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Diamants, or, p\u00e9trole, gaz naturel, vastes for\u00eats et terres agricoles : l&rsquo;Afrique dispose de ressources si abondantes qu&rsquo;il est peu \u00e9tonnant que, chaque ann\u00e9e, des milliards de dollars d&rsquo;investissements s&rsquo;\u00e9coulent de l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger vers le continent.<\/p>\n<p>Pourtant, ces investissements ont tendance \u00e0 enrichir principalement les \u00e9lites et les investisseurs venant de l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur, au d\u00e9triment des pauvres et de l&rsquo;environnement. Ainsi, ils ne contribuent pas n\u00e9cessairement au d\u00e9veloppement durable.<\/p>\n<p>Ceci est peut-\u00eatre d\u00fb au fait que les cadres juridiques existants ont tendance \u00e0 favoriser les int\u00e9r\u00eats puissants et directs, selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude sur les lois r\u00e9gissant l&rsquo;utilisation des terres dans trois pays africains.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Plusieurs facteurs, qui contrecarrent une gouvernance durable des paysages et les investissements connexes, influencent les syst\u00e8mes juridiques de ces pays \u00bb, d\u00e9clare Andrew Wardell, l&rsquo;un des auteurs de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude et directeur de recherche au Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale (CIFOR). <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;obstacles refl\u00e9tant les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s qui marginalisent certaines personnes, en perp\u00e9tuant le pi\u00e8ge et le cycle de la pauvret\u00e9, notamment concernant les communaut\u00e9s rurales. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>M. Wardell et ses coauteurs de l&rsquo;Organisation internationale de droit du d\u00e9veloppement et des facult\u00e9s de droit des Universit\u00e9s de Zambie, du Mozambique et de Nairobi ont analys\u00e9 des documents juridiques de la Zambie, du Mozambique et de la Tanzanie. Ce sont des pays limitrophes dont les similitudes et les diff\u00e9rences permettent de faire des comparaisons significatives.<\/p>\n<p>Les trois pays ont adopt\u00e9 officiellement des principes de durabilit\u00e9 et ont \u00e9labor\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies face au changement climatique, des garanties environnementales ainsi que des m\u00e9canismes de gouvernance. Pourtant, selon l&rsquo;\u00e9tude, ces lois ne donnent pas lieu \u00e0 des investissements dans des utilisations des terres qui contribuent \u00e0 la durabilit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 la lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Les lois, peu importe qu&rsquo;elles soient statutaires ou coutumi\u00e8res, fournissent un cadre pour n\u00e9gocier les multiples utilisations par les diff\u00e9rents acteurs dans un paysage \u00bb, affirme-t-il.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Je pense que c&rsquo;est la meilleure fa\u00e7on d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9ter la loi et de comprendre pourquoi les divergences existent entre les dispositions des lois et ce qui se passe r\u00e9ellement en pratique. \u00bb<\/p>\n<h4>QUAND LA FORCE PRIME SUR LE DROIT<\/h4>\n<p>Un r\u00e9sultat cl\u00e9 indique que les lois ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre plus favorables aux d\u00e9veloppements \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle des secteurs tels que l&rsquo;exploitation mini\u00e8re, l&rsquo;agriculture et la foresterie. Selon les auteurs, des incitations pour soutenir les petites et moyennes entreprises pourraient, par cons\u00e9quent, aider \u00e0 lutter contre la pauvret\u00e9. <div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>Ils citent en exemple pour le soutien des cadres juridiques aux entreprises durables le programme Kilimo Kwanza (signifiant \u00ab L&rsquo;agriculture d&rsquo;abord \u00bb) en Tanzanie. C&rsquo;est une initiative gouvernementale qui fournit aux petites entreprises un acc\u00e8s aux financements et aux cr\u00e9dits.<\/p>\n<p>Un autre d\u00e9fi est li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;opacit\u00e9 des r\u00e9gimes fonciers coutumiers, d\u00e9coulant du manque de documents et de r\u00e9glementations transparentes d\u00e9taillant les droits fonciers des communaut\u00e9s rurales. Celles-ci ne disposent souvent pas de titres fonciers.<\/p>\n<p>Les trois pays disposent de lois qui permettent aux ministres d&rsquo;autoriser des d\u00e9veloppements pour des raisons strat\u00e9giques, par exemple dans le secteur minier au Mozambique. Souvent, les communaut\u00e9s locales ne sont pas consult\u00e9es afin de d\u00e9terminer si elles utilisent d\u00e9j\u00e0 les terres d&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re ou d&rsquo;une autre.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab La prise de d\u00e9cision est encore tr\u00e8s centralis\u00e9e \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell.<\/p>\n<p>Le chevauchement entre l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 coutumi\u00e8re et le gouvernement central peut \u00e9galement avoir des cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives pour les communaut\u00e9s rurales, ajoute-t-il.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Ce qui ressort clairement de notre \u00e9tude est la persistance des tensions entre les lois coutumi\u00e8res et statutaires, ainsi que leurs applications, dans de nombreuses parties de l&rsquo;Afrique, tout comme le r\u00f4le que peuvent jouer les chefs locaux en dehors des cadres statutaires \u00bb, souligne M. Wardell.<\/p>\n<p>Ceci laisse la porte ouverte \u00e0 des investissements externes abusifs, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire que \u00ab les investisseurs peuvent identifier tr\u00e8s clairement les lignes de moindre r\u00e9sistance qui leur permettent d&rsquo;acqu\u00e9rir des biens, ce qui peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre fait compl\u00e8tement en dehors de tout cadre l\u00e9gal \u00bb, ajoute-t-il. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>Les chefs coutumiers seraient tout aussi susceptibles que les dirigeants \u00e9lus de succomber aux tentations menant \u00e0 \u00ab l\u2019accaparement des ressources par l&rsquo;\u00e9lite \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Une poign\u00e9e de personnes d\u00e9j\u00e0 au pouvoir b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient ainsi des d\u00e9cisions faites concernant l&rsquo;utilisation des terres, tandis que la majorit\u00e9 en profite peu ou pas, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell. Voil\u00e0 une autre raison pour appuyer la d\u00e9centralisation du pouvoir dans le but de renforcer la responsabilisation.<\/p>\n<h4>DE LA TH\u00c9ORIE \u00c0 LA PRATIQUE<\/h4>\n<p>Tout ceci souligne la n\u00e9cessite de r\u00e8glements plus clairs r\u00e9gissant l&rsquo;utilisation des terres. Toutefois, m\u00eame ces r\u00e8glements ne seront pas suffisants pour faire une diff\u00e9rence. \u00ab Comment pouvons-nous transposer les notions ambitieuses d&rsquo;une loi ou d&rsquo;un cadre r\u00e9glementaire afin d&rsquo;assurer que la loi soit appliqu\u00e9e en pratique ? \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab \u00c0 ce niveau, il existe clairement des lacunes fondamentales. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Les investissements durables dans l&rsquo;utilisation des terres pourraient \u00e9galement \u00eatre soutenus par un meilleur partage des informations concernant les droits et les processus juridiques, indique l&rsquo;\u00e9tude. Un large spectre de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 devrait participer aux n\u00e9gociations des pressions concurrentes s\u2019exer\u00e7ant sur un paysage. En outre, les processus de prise de d\u00e9cision devraient \u00eatre transparents \u00e0 tous les niveaux de la gestion.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, les auteurs mettent en garde que \u00ab il n&rsquo;existe pas de lois en Zambie, en Tanzanie et au Mozambique qui garantit l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux informations. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Il est surprenant de constater qu&rsquo;en 2015, malgr\u00e9 tous les discours et malgr\u00e9 la Convention d&rsquo;Aarhus sur le droit d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l&rsquo;information sur l&rsquo;environnement, un manque chronique d&rsquo;information persiste, en particulier au niveau de la gouvernance locale \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell.<\/p>\n<h4>VERS LA DURABILIT\u00c9<\/h4>\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins, les trois pays disposent d&rsquo;initiatives qui, si elles sont mises en \u0153uvre, pourraient permettre un d\u00e9veloppement durable. Selon M. Wardell, la loi sur la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re, appel\u00e9e \u00ab Village Land Act \u00bb, que la Tanzanie a adopt\u00e9 en 1999 en est un exemple. <\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Elle repr\u00e9sente la premi\u00e8re initiative, depuis la p\u00e9riode coloniale, qui donne aux communaut\u00e9s villageoises effectivement le droit de d\u00e9cider comment disposer des ressources sur leurs terres \u00bb, explique-t-il.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Cette d\u00e9marche est unique en Afrique subsaharienne et l&rsquo;une des raisons pour laquelle la Tanzanie a \u00e9t\u00e9 inclue dans cette \u00e9tude. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Le Mozambique fait \u00e9galement des progr\u00e8s dans ce sens, ajoute-t-il. Pourtant, m\u00eame lorsque des lois pouvant encourager des investissements durables ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place, le processus de soutien de ces cadres \u00e9volue lentement.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab L&rsquo;\u00e9tude faite en 2014 a donn\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats similaires \u00e0 ceux des \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es des d\u00e9cennies auparavant \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Ce qui m&rsquo;a \u00e9tonn\u00e9 est de constater que, \u00e0 plusieurs niveaux, les pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents juridiques qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place il y a 20 ans luttent encore pour \u00eatre respect\u00e9s. \u00bb<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diamants, or, p\u00e9trole, gaz naturel, vastes for\u00eats et terres agricoles : l&rsquo;Afrique dispose de ressources si abondantes qu&rsquo;il est peu \u00e9tonnant que, chaque ann\u00e9e, des milliards de dollars d&rsquo;investissements s&rsquo;\u00e9coulent de l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger vers le continent. Pourtant, ces investissements ont tendance \u00e0 enrichir principalement les \u00e9lites et les investisseurs venant de l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur, au d\u00e9triment des pauvres [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":208,"featured_media":38551,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12246],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3262,3408,5519,3481],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3000],"coauthors":[5295],"class_list":["post-38546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","location-africa","tag-francais-andrew-wardell","tag-francais-approche-paysagere","tag-francais-financement","tag-francais-regime-et-droit-foncier","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La loi est \u00e0 la base des investissements durables en Afrique - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/38546\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La loi est \u00e0 la base des investissements durables en Afrique\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Diamants, or, p\u00e9trole, gaz naturel, vastes for\u00eats et terres agricoles : l&rsquo;Afrique dispose de ressources si abondantes qu&rsquo;il est peu \u00e9tonnant que, chaque ann\u00e9e, des milliards de dollars d&rsquo;investissements s&rsquo;\u00e9coulent de l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger vers le continent. Pourtant, ces investissements ont tendance \u00e0 enrichir principalement les \u00e9lites et les investisseurs venant de l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur, au d\u00e9triment des pauvres [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/38546\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-12-09T13:03:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-12-09T19:21:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/5594793434_3a3f44443f_z.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"415\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"John Cannon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"John Cannon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/92576f4c5a522b0efa0298f75b032760\"},\"headline\":\"La loi est \u00e0 la base des investissements durables en Afrique\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-12-09T13:03:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-12-09T19:21:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\"},\"wordCount\":1227,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/5594793434_3a3f44443f_z.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Forests News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2015\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\",\"name\":\"La loi est \u00e0 la base des investissements durables en Afrique - Landscape Alliance Forests News\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/5594793434_3a3f44443f_z.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-12-09T13:03:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-12-09T19:21:33+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/38546\\\/la-loi-est-a-la-base-des-investissements-durables-en-afrique#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/5594793434_3a3f44443f_z.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/5594793434_3a3f44443f_z.jpg\",\"width\":640,\"height\":415,\"caption\":\"Des lois donnant plus de support au petites et moyennes entreprises en Afrique pourraient contribuer au d\u00e9veloppement durable. 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