{"id":2994,"date":"2011-05-23T00:47:16","date_gmt":"2011-05-23T00:47:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=2994"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:49:43","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:49:43","slug":"conservation-neoliberale-commoditisation-media-et-celebrite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2994\/conservation-neoliberale-commoditisation-media-et-celebrite","title":{"rendered":"Conservation n\u00e9olib\u00e9rale : commoditisation, m\u00e9dia et c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
Avec l'expansion de l'industrie \u00e0 un rythme rapide, telles que la carri\u00e8re de pierre sur la photo (Pune Maharashtra, Inde) et un changement dans la fa\u00e7on dont nous valorisons l'environnement, comment les moyens d'existence locaux et de l'environnement seront-ils affect\u00e9s? Photo gracieuset\u00e9 de Oxfam Australie \/ flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indonesia (23 May, 2011)_Est-il possible de \u201cconsommer le g\u00e2teau de conservation d\u2019autrui et consommer le dessert du d\u00e9veloppement aussi ?<\/em>\u2019\u2019 La nourriture intellectuelle, bien entendu. Les intellectuels Jim Igoe et Dan Brockington, tr\u00e8s connus pour leurs critiques extensives de la conservation contemporaine, se sont interrog\u00e9s sur les bases de tels sc\u00e9narios gagnants-gagnants et sugg\u00e8rent que la croissante \u201cn\u00e9olib\u00e9ralisation\u201d de la conservation conduit \u00e0 la re-r\u00e9gulation de la nature par des formes croissantes de commoditisation.<\/p>\n

Dans un article paru pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans \u201cConservation and Society<\/em>\u201d en 2007 qui demeure l\u2019un des journaux les plus lus et cit\u00e9s, Igoe et Brockington d\u00e9finissent la n\u00e9olib\u00e9ralisation comme \u201cune restructuration de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour permettre l\u2019expansion de march\u00e9s libres<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Les personnes en faveur de la n\u00e9olib\u00e9ralisation affirment que cette approche va automatiquement b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier aux moyens d\u2019existence locaux et \u00e0 l\u2019environnement. Toutefois, le r\u00e9sultat du placement de valeurs mon\u00e9taires \u00e0 la biodiversit\u00e9, aux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et \u00e0 leurs biens et services, disent Igoe et Brockington, d\u00e9coule sur deux types de \u201cgouvernance environnementale hybride<\/em>\u201d dans lesquels les \u00e9tats, le secteur priv\u00e9, les ONGs et les communaut\u00e9s partagent la responsabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019action de conservation.<\/p>\n

Finalement, selon eux, ceci conduit \u00e0 une plus grande perte de revenus et de l\u2019environnement car l\u2019environnement est format\u00e9 par ces institutions hybrides qui s\u2019en sont appropri\u00e9. Bien que publi\u00e9 il ya quatre ans, le sujet continue de r\u00e9sonner alors que nous nous bataillons avec la complexit\u00e9 de valoriser les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques et l\u2019impl\u00e9mentation actuelle des payements \u00e9quitables pour les services environnementaux (PSE) et les initiatives de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions dues \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats (REDD).<\/p>\n

M\u00eame si les auteurs admettent que \u201cle terme n\u00e9olib\u00e9ralisme est en voie de devenir rien moins qu\u2019un v\u00e9hicule d\u2019intellectuels qui aiment critiquer tout ce qu\u2019ils n\u2019aiment pas dans ce monde<\/em>\u201d, Igoe et Brockington apportent une perspective int\u00e9ressante sur la pratique courante de conservation ; particuli\u00e8rement pertinente car m\u00eame des r\u00e9sultats apparemment intangibles pour la conservation et le d\u00e9veloppement continuent d\u2019\u00eatre poursuivis.<\/p>\n

Dans des articles plus r\u00e9cents des deux auteurs relatifs \u00e0 la conservation n\u00e9olib\u00e9rale, ces arguments sont \u00e9labor\u00e9s plus avant. Dan Brockington dans son essai, \u201cEnvironnementalismes Puissants: conservation, c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 et capitalisme\u201d fait une discussion \u00e9loquente et convaincante sur la d\u00e9connexion entre la vision de la nature par ceux dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, compar\u00e9e \u00e0 ceux actuellement affect\u00e9s par sa protection. Un int\u00e9r\u00eat particulier est la dissection de la croissance et le pouvoir des ONGs de conservation, \u201c environnementalismes conflictuels\u201d et la l\u2019association de l\u2019image de la c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 \u00e0 la cause environnementale.<\/p>\n

Brockington d\u00e9crit deux types d\u2019environnementalisme. Le premier repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par les int\u00e9r\u00eats des personnes riches dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s qui financent le travail des grandes ONGs de conservation (ou BINGO\u2019s). Il d\u00e9clare que la croissance globale des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es est motiv\u00e9e par la demande pour une nature immacul\u00e9e qu\u2019elles procurent. De tels environnements procurent la \u201c nature authentique et inviol\u00e9e [que les gens] souhaitent consommer durant leurs vacances <\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

Le second environnementalisme que Brockington d\u00e9crit est bas\u00e9 dans les services que de tels environnements donnent aux pauvres ruraux : la moisson d\u2019aliments naturels, la collecte de bois \u00e9nergie, le mat\u00e9riel de construction, etc. Il sugg\u00e8re que ces deux environnementalismes sont en conflit, comme prouv\u00e9 par la cr\u00e9ation continue d\u2019aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, souvent conduite par l\u2019agenda des BINGO\u2019s, qui pourrait conduire \u00e0 des d\u00e9placements physiques et\/ou \u00e9conomiques.<\/p>\n

Brockington d\u00e9clare que \u201c l\u2019\u00e9thique occidentale de la jungle, qui valorise les terres vierges et intouch\u00e9es et influenc\u00e9e par les peuples n\u2019est pas compatible avec les environnementalismes locaux<\/em>\u201d. Les relations de pouvoir in\u00e9quitables entre les environnementalismes locaux du Sud et les BINGO\u2019s du Nord bien-financ\u00e9s r\u00e9sultent souvent \u00e0 la marginalisation des premiers.<\/p>\n

Il est tout aussi ind\u00e9niable qu\u2019il existe un fort parrainage des causes environnementales par les c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s et Brockington astucieusement contextualise comment la croissance de l\u2019implication de c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s dans les causes de conservation fournit une connexion entre la nature et le monde urbain capitaliste. En bref, les personnes se sentent li\u00e9es \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 et ceci peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour apporter la nature dans les salons des potentiels supporters de BINGOs. Que la repr\u00e9sentation de la nature soit exacte ou non, les r\u00e9sultats sont indiscutablement effectifs, affirme Brockington.<\/p>\n

Dans un essai subs\u00e9quent, Jim Igoe pousse la r\u00e9flexion plus loin. Il introduit son article par la d\u00e9claration selon laquelle \u201cla conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9, d\u00e9crite traditionnellement comme un cheval de bataille contre les affections environnementales de l\u2019expansion du capitalisme, est maintenant compl\u00e8tement impliqu\u00e9e dans sa reproduction<\/em>\u201d. Des alliances intimes entre les BINGOs et les bailleurs de fonds venant des entreprises soutient une grande part de cette transition. De tels partenariats mettent plus en relief la commodification de la nature \u00e0 travers les concepts comme le PSE et REDD.<\/p>\n

L\u2019acceptation du capitalisme par les BINGOs en particulier a \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenue par une repr\u00e9sentation m\u00e9diatique de la nature, avec chaque fois des c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s soutenant des causes nobles. Ainsi, d\u00e9clare Igoe, l\u2019approche corporatiste qui consiste \u00e0 utiliser le domaine des compagnies \u00e0 but lucratifs adopt\u00e9e par les organisations de conservation leur permet maintenant d\u2019\u00eatre capables de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de substantiels financements.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement de r\u00e9seaux sociaux a surpass\u00e9 l\u2019absorption passive des informations des medias pour une interaction croissante o\u00f9 de potentiels donateurs individuels peuvent \u201cjoindre la communaut\u00e9 de conservation\u201d. Par cons\u00e9quent, de potentiels supporters sont influenc\u00e9s pour apporter un soutien financier aux interventions de conservation mais bases sur la \u201cr\u00e9alit\u00e9\u201d qui leur est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e en usant des versions irr\u00e9futables et parfois d\u00e9form\u00e9es de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, affirme Igoe.<\/p>\n

Brockington, et dans une moindre mesure, Igoe, se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent au ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de la \u201cc\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 conversationniste\u201d qui a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 son niveau de gloire bas\u00e9 sur leur \u201cstance et repr\u00e9sentation de la nature<\/em>\u201d. Brockington affirme que le statut de c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 de certains conversationnistes repr\u00e9sente un autre lien entre l\u2019environnementalisme et les affaires avec un besoin concomitant d\u2019autopromotion, d\u2019apparences publiques et de r\u00e9compenses financi\u00e8res; Eux-m\u00eames deviennent commodit\u00e9s. Les causes nobles du genre que les publics \u00e9pousent sont inspir\u00e9es par le si\u00e8ge du conversationniste qui vit religieusement dans le m\u00eame monde par la connexion avec une version de la nature qu\u2019ils voient dans les m\u00e9dias, guid\u00e9s par un expert reconnu.<\/p>\n

Ce court r\u00e9sum\u00e9 ne donne pas justice \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 des arguments d\u2019Igoe et Brockington et une lecture compl\u00e8te de leur travail serait vivement recommand\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Translated by Edith Abilogo. Find the English version here<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

###################################################<\/p>\n

Igoe, J. et D. Brockington. 2007. Conservation N\u00e9olib\u00e9rale: Une Br\u00e8ve Introduction. Conservation and Society<\/em> 5(4):432-449<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.conservationandsociety.org\/temp\/ConservatSoc54432-2243722_061357.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Brockington, D. 2008. Environnementalismes Puissants: conservation, c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 et capitalisme. Media, Culture and Society<\/em> 30: 551-568<\/p>\n

http:\/\/mcs.sagepub.com\/content\/30\/4\/551.full.pdf+html<\/a><\/p>\n

Igoe, J. 2010. Le spectacle de la nature dans une communaut\u00e9 globale d\u2019apparences: engagements avec les m\u00e9diations spectaculaires de la conservation transnationale. Critic of Anthropology<\/em> 30: 375-397<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indonesia (23 May, 2011)_Est-il possible de \u201cconsommer le g\u00e2teau de conservation d\u2019autrui et consommer le dessert du d\u00e9veloppement aussi ?\u2019\u2019 La nourriture intellectuelle, bien entendu. Les intellectuels Jim Igoe et Dan Brockington, tr\u00e8s connus pour leurs critiques extensives de la conservation contemporaine, se sont interrog\u00e9s sur les bases de tels sc\u00e9narios gagnants-gagnants et sugg\u00e8rent […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,151],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[207],"class_list":["post-2994","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-redd-2","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nConservation n\u00e9olib\u00e9rale : commoditisation, m\u00e9dia et c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2994\/conservation-neoliberale-commoditisation-media-et-celebrite\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Conservation n\u00e9olib\u00e9rale : commoditisation, m\u00e9dia et c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indonesia (23 May, 2011)_Est-il possible de \u201cconsommer le g\u00e2teau de conservation d\u2019autrui et consommer le dessert du d\u00e9veloppement aussi ?\u2019\u2019 La nourriture intellectuelle, bien entendu. 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