{"id":2897,"date":"2011-05-13T08:08:07","date_gmt":"2011-05-13T08:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=2897"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:27:49","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:27:49","slug":"le-bois-est-peut-etre-certifie-mais-est-il-durable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2897\/le-bois-est-peut-etre-certifie-mais-est-il-durable","title":{"rendered":"Le bois est peut-\u00eatre certifi\u00e9 mais est-il durable ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2848\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2848\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2848\" title=\"logging truck cameroon\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/05\/logging-truck-cameroon-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2848\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Les compagnies d&#39;exploitation foresti\u00e8re et les instances de certification sont diff\u00e9rentes dans leur fa\u00e7on de se conformer aux standards de certification foresti\u00e8re ou de les interpr\u00e9ter, ce qui signifie que le bois ne devrait pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00eatre issu de for\u00eats g\u00e9r\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re durable. Photo courtoisie de J.G. Collomb, World Resources Institute.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>BOGOR, Indonesia (13 May, 2011)_Il y a presque 20 ans, un nouvel outil voyait le jour pour promouvoir la gestion durable des for\u00eats : la certification ind\u00e9pendante. Cette id\u00e9e \u00e9tait surtout lanc\u00e9e et d\u00e9fendue par diff\u00e9rents secteurs de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec chronique des gouvernements nationaux et d\u2019une succession de r\u00e9unions intergouvernementales dans leurs tentatives visant \u00e0 mettre fin \u00e0 la destruction et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats. On esp\u00e9rait alors que le bois et d\u2019autres produits issus des \u00ab for\u00eats certifi\u00e9es \u00bb pourraient acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des march\u00e9s pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels et se vendre \u00e0 des prix sup\u00e9rieurs s\u2019ils \u00e9taient conformes \u00e0 un ensemble de normes couvrant un \u00e9ventail d\u2019aspects techniques, environnementaux et sociaux. Le r\u00e9sultat escompt\u00e9 \u00e9tait le maintien, au fil du temps, des avantages que les for\u00eats procurent localement et au plan mondial. Cependant, <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3413.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">le scientifique du CIFOR Paolo Cerutti et ses coll\u00e8gues<\/a> ont r\u00e9alis\u00e9 au Cameroun, pays dot\u00e9 d\u2019une abondante couverture foresti\u00e8re, une \u00e9tude indiquant que la for\u00eat ne produira peut-\u00eatre plus de bois pr\u00e9cieux sur le long terme \u2014c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire durablement\u2014 m\u00eame l\u00e0 o\u00f9 des programmes de certification ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place.<\/p>\n<p>Avant d\u2019approfondir la question, voyons qui est impliqu\u00e9 dans la certification des for\u00eats. On observe trois acteurs principaux. En premier, il y a ceux qui d\u00e9finissent les normes et accr\u00e9ditent les organismes de certification. Seul le Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) remplit ce r\u00f4le au plan mondial. Depuis 1993, quelque 140 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 certifi\u00e9s dans le monde entier par FSC. Rien qu\u2019au Cameroun, ce sont pr\u00e8s de 800 000 hectares qui sont en cours de certification par FSC. En second lieu, ce sont les gestionnaires des for\u00eats, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les concessionnaires ou les propri\u00e9taires de terres bois\u00e9es, qui font une demande de certificat de conformit\u00e9 aux normes. En troisi\u00e8me lieu, viennent les organismes ind\u00e9pendants de certification qui \u00e9valuent si les pratiques d\u2019un gestionnaire de for\u00eats respectent ces normes.<\/p>\n<p>Tandis que les travaux de P. Cerutti et de ses coll\u00e8gues montrent que la certification de FSC est toujours susceptible d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la gestion des for\u00eats tropicales par rapport aux normes nationales de gestion foresti\u00e8re, ils r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les exploitants forestiers et les organismes de certification n\u2019ont pas tous la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on de se conformer aux normes ou d\u2019interpr\u00e9ter la conformit\u00e9 aux normes FSC. C\u2019est la raison pour laquelle on constate actuellement que le bois le plus pr\u00e9cieux, qui est exploit\u00e9 et export\u00e9 en mettant en \u0153uvre des techniques susceptibles d\u2019assurer aux r\u00e9coltes futures le m\u00eame rythme qu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui, est seulement issu de trois des 10 for\u00eats certifi\u00e9es du Cameroun. Selon P. Cerutti et ses coll\u00e8gues, le probl\u00e8me provient en partie du fait que les divers organismes de certification emploient des normes diff\u00e9rentes : certains s\u2019appuient sur les r\u00e8glements nationaux tandis que d\u2019autres suivent les normes plus strictes de FSC, mais tous cependant accordent le m\u00eame label FSC.<\/p>\n<p>Pour \u00e9viter la prolif\u00e9ration d\u2019\u00ab \u00e9lectrons libres \u00bb de la certification FSC appliquant les normes de mani\u00e8re peu rigoureuse, et pour r\u00e9duire au minimum la subjectivit\u00e9 de la part des organismes de certification, P. Cerutti et ses coll\u00e8gues recommandent que le Cameroun \u00e9labore une norme uniforme s\u2019adossant \u00e0 des donn\u00e9es scientifiques. Ceci garantirait ensuite une pratique uniforme des organismes de certification qui \u00e9valuent la conformit\u00e9 avec FSC pour faire progresser l\u2019approvisionnement en bois durable et \u00e0 long terme. Ceci est tout \u00e0 fait possible car FSC permet l\u2019adaptation de ses normes internationales en mati\u00e8re de durabilit\u00e9 aux caract\u00e9ristiques des for\u00eats d\u2019un pays particulier. Ce devrait \u00eatre la priorit\u00e9 du Cameroun.<\/p>\n<p>Le constat de P. Cerutti et de ses coll\u00e8gues n\u2019est pas isol\u00e9. En Amazonie br\u00e9silienne, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globaltrees.org\/downloads\/oryx\/Schulze_et_al_2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Mark Schulze et ses coll\u00e8gues<\/a> ont conclu il y a plusieurs ann\u00e9es que les organismes de certification n\u2019ont pas tous le m\u00eame niveau d\u2019exigence lorsqu\u2019ils examinent les exploitants forestiers au cours du processus de certification FSC. De part et d\u2019autre de l\u2019oc\u00e9an, le message \u00e0 retenir est que l\u2019approvisionnement futur en bois pr\u00e9cieux provenant de for\u00eats certifi\u00e9es peut ne pas \u00eatre durable si les exploitants forestiers et les organismes de certification ne parlent pas le m\u00eame langage au moment de l\u2019attribution du label FSC. Les nouveaux travaux de recherche men\u00e9s au Cameroun sont n\u00e9anmoins les premiers \u00e0 \u00e9valuer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de la certification FSC pour les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo, dont environ 30 % sont actuellement attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 des concessionnaires.<\/p>\n<p>Au moment o\u00f9 les chercheurs, les d\u00e9cideurs et les gestionnaires des for\u00eats sous les tropiques se demandent si les avantages revendiqu\u00e9s de la certification des for\u00eats sont r\u00e9els, les travaux de P. Cerutti et de ses coll\u00e8gues nous rappellent le besoin d\u2019une \u00e9valuation objective des normes FSC. En d\u2019autres termes, nous pouvons faire la diff\u00e9rence entre un exploitant certifi\u00e9 et celui qui ne l\u2019est pas mais un certificat FSC aujourd\u2019hui ne signifie pas n\u00e9cessairement que le bois a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9colt\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re durable et que les futures r\u00e9coltes, comme les for\u00eats d\u2019o\u00f9 elles proviennent, se maintiendront demain.<\/p>\n<p>######################################<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Pour plus d&rsquo;information<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cerutti, P. O., Tacconi, L., Nasi, R., Lescuyer, G. 2011. Legal vs. certified timber: preliminary impacts of forest certification in Cameroon. <em>Forest Policy and Economics <\/em>13: 184-190.<\/p>\n<p>Disponible sur la page suivante : <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3413.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3413.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Schulze, M., Grogan, J., Vidal, E. 2008. Forest certification in Amazonia: standards matter. <em>Oryx<\/em> 42: 229-239.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Disponible sur la page suivante : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globaltrees.org\/downloads\/oryx\/Schulze_et_al_2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">http:\/\/www.globaltrees.org\/downloads\/oryx\/Schulze_et_al_2008.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BOGOR, Indonesia (13 May, 2011)_Il y a presque 20 ans, un nouvel outil voyait le jour pour promouvoir la gestion durable des for\u00eats : la certification ind\u00e9pendante. Cette id\u00e9e \u00e9tait surtout lanc\u00e9e et d\u00e9fendue par diff\u00e9rents secteurs de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec chronique des gouvernements nationaux et d\u2019une succession de r\u00e9unions intergouvernementales [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[161,137,180],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[198],"class_list":["post-2897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-mitigating-climate-change","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le bois est peut-\u00eatre certifi\u00e9 mais est-il durable ? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2897\/le-bois-est-peut-etre-certifie-mais-est-il-durable\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le bois est peut-\u00eatre certifi\u00e9 mais est-il durable ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indonesia (13 May, 2011)_Il y a presque 20 ans, un nouvel outil voyait le jour pour promouvoir la gestion durable des for\u00eats : la certification ind\u00e9pendante. 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