{"id":28902,"date":"2015-06-03T21:28:26","date_gmt":"2015-06-03T14:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=28902"},"modified":"2015-09-30T17:26:49","modified_gmt":"2015-09-30T10:26:49","slug":"beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28902\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles","title":{"rendered":"Entre promesses et risques\u00a0: comment formaliser le commerce de ressources naturelles ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_28516\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28516\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/8638802195_821ff6a005_o-cov.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28516 size-large\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/8638802195_821ff6a005_o-cov-500x239.jpg\" alt=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es? y \u00bfa qui\u00e9n se paga el derecho sobre el carbono que captura la biomasa en un territorio boscoso? Foto: Tomas Munita\" width=\"500\" height=\"239\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28516\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La vente de bois tropical contribue \u00e0 faire vivre des millions de personnes dans les pays producteurs. Formaliser ce commerce pr\u00e9sente des risques, mais\u00a0qui peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9compens\u00e9s.\u00a0Photo\u00a0: Thomas Munita\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Il faut \u00eatre prudent dans <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www1.cifor.org\/pro-formal\/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">la d\u00e9marche de formalisation du commerce<\/a><\/span> de ressources naturelles (bois, rotin, chicle, noix de cajou) dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement, sugg\u00e8re une <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5582\/formalization-as-development-in-land-and-natural-resource-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">nouvelle \u00e9tude<\/a><\/span> consacr\u00e9e aux lois sur les ressources naturelles \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que la plupart du commerce de ressources naturelles soit r\u00e9gi par des lois nationales et internationales, une large vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de r\u00e8gles, pratiques et coutumes informelles persistent.<\/p>\n<p>Ces secteurs informels sont souvent tr\u00e8s organis\u00e9s et prosp\u00e8res, mais ils peuvent aussi mener \u00e0 utiliser les terres et les ressources de mani\u00e8re non durable et \u00e0 renforcer la pauvret\u00e9 que de nombreux gouvernements et institutions cherchent \u00e0 r\u00e9guler. \u00ab On retrouve de tels syst\u00e8mes dans toutes les zones de for\u00eat tropicale o\u00f9 nous travaillons \u00bb, t\u00e9moigne Louis Putzel, scientifique chevronn\u00e9 du <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale (CIFOR)<\/a><\/span> et auteur invit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5582\/formalization-as-development-in-land-and-natural-resource-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u00e9dition sp\u00e9ciale sur la formalisation<\/a><\/span> dans la revue Society &amp; Natural Resources <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>\u00ab L\u00e0 o\u00f9 l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et le commerce des ressources n&rsquo;ont pas du tout \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9glement\u00e9s tout en \u00e9tant tr\u00e8s actifs, il faut comprendre les pratiques existantes et leur fonctionnement \u2013 comment les personnes interagissent ensemble, quel type de structure locale gouverne qui, o\u00f9 et prend quoi \u2013 avant de mettre des r\u00e8gles en place. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9dition sp\u00e9ciale de la revue explore des contextes aussi divers que les <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5584\/formalizing-the-logging-sector-in-indonesia-historical-dynamics-and-lessons-for-current-policy-initiatives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">concessions boisi\u00e8res d&rsquo;Indon\u00e9sie<\/a><\/span>, l&rsquo;industrie de la p\u00eache au Br\u00e9sil, <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5583\/formalization-and-collective-appropriation-of-space-on-forest-frontiers-comparing-communal-and-individual-property-systems-in-the-peruvian-and-ecuadoran-amazon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">les syst\u00e8mes de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 en Amazonie p\u00e9ruvienne et \u00e9quatorienne<\/a><\/span> et les mines d&rsquo;or artisanales au Zimbabwe. Les r\u00e9sultats montrent ce qui peut fonctionner, et o\u00f9 sont les risques.<\/p>\n<h4>PERMIS D&rsquo;ECHOUER<\/h4>\n<p>Des efforts de formalisation sont en cours depuis <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5079\/policy-options-for-improved-integration-of-domestic-timber-markets-under-the-voluntary-partnership-agreement-vpa-regime-synthesis-from-lessons-learned-in-cameroon-the-democratic-republic-of-the-co\/?pub=5079\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">longtemps<\/a><\/span>, dans la foresterie et dans la plupart des autres r\u00e9gimes de ressources naturelles.<\/p>\n<p>Bien souvent, l&rsquo;objectif est de <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/27948\/community-versus-enforcement-responses-to-illegal-wildlife-trade\">lutter contre le commerce criminel ou non \u00e9thique<\/a><\/span>, comme c&rsquo;est le cas pour les cornes de rhinoc\u00e9ros ou des diamants de la guerre. Dans d&rsquo;autre cas, il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;augmenter la contribution du secteur informel \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9, par exemple en fournissant un titre l\u00e9gal aux terres coutumi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Note de l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur :<\/strong> retrouvez l&rsquo;\u00e9dition sp\u00e9ciale de la revue la revue Society &amp; Natural Resources <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5582\/formalization-as-development-in-land-and-natural-resource-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">ici<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Mais la formalisation est plus compliqu\u00e9e que le simple fait de cr\u00e9er et appliquer une nouvelle loi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Des r\u00e8gles locales peuvent pr\u00e9c\u00e9der les lois reconnues par l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de plusieurs ann\u00e9es, voire plusieurs si\u00e8cles \u00bb, explique Putzel. \u00ab Beaucoup de syst\u00e8mes informels sont complexes et vari\u00e9s, et ils constituent souvent la base de la structure sociale des communaut\u00e9s qui les utilisent \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Il cite en exemple le commerce aux multiples facettes du bois tropical, qui s&rsquo;op\u00e8re souvent traditionnellement dans les zones grises de la loi ou par des syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et de commerce coutumiers, et qui contribue \u00e0 <span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/28443\/feed-the-world-new-global-report-highlights-forests-role\">faire vivre des millions de personnes<\/a><\/span> dans les pays producteurs de bois tropical.<\/p>\n<p>Ce qui inqui\u00e8te notamment, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;interaction entre les syst\u00e8mes informels et les efforts plus larges visant \u00e0 \u00e9liminer les ventes ill\u00e9gales de bois, qui concernent de plus en plus le march\u00e9 international.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Un peu de bois et, dans certains cas, beaucoup de bois, provenant de march\u00e9s \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle, arrivent jusqu&rsquo;au march\u00e9 international \u00bb, explique Putzel.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Par exemple, des Chinois vivant sur le continent s&rsquo;efforcent d&rsquo;acc\u00e9der aux march\u00e9s locaux pour exporter le bois \u00e0 l&rsquo;international. \u00bb<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Regardez : <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9Dy_gqm6q2k?rel=0\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Dans le cas du bois tropical, le principal m\u00e9canisme l\u00e9gal de formalisation est le plan d&rsquo;action de l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne sur <a href=\"http:\/\/www.euflegt.efi.int\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">l&rsquo;application des r\u00e8glementations foresti\u00e8res, la gouvernance et les \u00e9changes commerciaux (FLEGT)<\/a> et la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.euflegt.efi.int\/eutr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">r\u00e9glementation connexe<\/a> pour emp\u00eacher le bois ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;entrer sur le march\u00e9 europ\u00e9en.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le cadre du plan FLEGT, l&rsquo;UE signe des <a href=\"http:\/\/www.euflegt.efi.int\/vpa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Accords de partenariat volontaire<\/a> (VPA) avec les pays producteurs de bois. Les pays acceptent de mettre en place des m\u00e9canismes de contr\u00f4le et des cadres juridiques pour v\u00e9rifier la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 du bois export\u00e9 en Europe. En retour, ils obtiennent un acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ce march\u00e9 lucratif.<\/p>\n<h4>RISQUES LEGAUX<\/h4>\n<p>Pour l&rsquo;instant, la formalisation n&rsquo;est pas sans danger. Par exemple, mettre en place des <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/4533\/implications-of-the-private-property-right-to-the-community-forest-businesses-formalization-through-the-certification-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">titres fonciers<\/a> l\u00e0 o\u00f9 \u00e7a n&rsquo;a jamais exist\u00e9 peut sembler une bonne id\u00e9e, analyse Putzel. Sauf si de riches arrivants les obtiennent aux d\u00e9pens de ceux qui vivent sur cette terre et y travaillent depuis des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Le timing est tr\u00e8s important \u00bb dit-il. \u00ab Si la r\u00e9glementation vise \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9, il n&rsquo;est pas question de faire venir les plus privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s pour qu&rsquo;ils viennent profiter les premiers de ces r\u00e8gles. Pire, des r\u00e9seaux criminels sophistiqu\u00e9s peuvent y trouver de nouvelles niches ill\u00e9gales pour exploiter le nouveau syst\u00e8me et exclure les participants l\u00e9gaux l\u00e9gitimes. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Autre risque de la formalisation : ce qu&rsquo;on appelle la \u00ab course aux ressources \u00bb, explique Putzel, qui peut se d\u00e9rouler entre l&rsquo;annonce d&rsquo;une nouvelle loi et son application effective.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Dans ce cas, dit-il, tout le monde court pour extraire tout ce qu&rsquo;ils peuvent, ce qui peut accro\u00eetre les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts environnementaux que les nouvelles r\u00e8gles voulaient r\u00e9duire. \u00bb <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>La criminalisation de pratiques anciennes sur lesquelles reposent les moyens de subsistance repr\u00e9sente aussi un risque, de m\u00eame que les probl\u00e8mes de \u00ab fuite \u00bb, quand une nouvelle politique dans un pays d\u00e9place les efforts informels vers un autre pays.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est une variable cl\u00e9 de la formalisation, mais, d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de cas, ce n&rsquo;est pas le seul \u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9terminant du succ\u00e8s.<\/p>\n<p>Les articles de cette \u00e9dition sp\u00e9ciale appellent \u00e0 concevoir des plans pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Les \u00e9tudes montrent que la formalisation de l&rsquo;utilisation des ressources r\u00e9ussira mieux si elle prend en compte le respect des syst\u00e8mes informels existants, plut\u00f4t que de simplement les balayer \u00bb, dit Putzel.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Il faut syst\u00e9matiquement veiller sur les \u00e9l\u00e9ments suivants : qui initie la formalisation, pour qui, pour quoi et dans quel ordre tout cela se d\u00e9roule. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pour plus d&rsquo;information sur le travail du CIFOR sur la formalisation, veuillez contacter Louis Putzel sur <a href=\"mailto:l.putzel@cgiar.org\">l.putzel@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Il faut \u00eatre prudent dans la d\u00e9marche de formalisation du commerce de ressources naturelles (bois, rotin, chicle, noix de cajou) dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement, sugg\u00e8re une nouvelle \u00e9tude consacr\u00e9e aux lois sur les ressources naturelles \u00e0 travers le monde. Bien que la plupart du commerce de ressources naturelles soit r\u00e9gi par des lois nationales [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":183,"featured_media":28516,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,1072,180],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12217],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[2997,5523,5522,3077,5525,3172,3481,5524],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3000],"coauthors":[2097],"class_list":["post-28902","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-landscapes","category-mitigating-climate-change","language-francais","location-global","tag-francais-communautes-locales","tag-francais-delit-forestier","tag-francais-flegt","tag-francais-gouvernance","tag-francais-louis-putzel","tag-francais-moyens-de-subsistance","tag-francais-regime-et-droit-foncier","tag-francais-secteur-informel","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Entre promesses et risques\u00a0: comment formaliser le commerce de ressources naturelles ? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28902\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Entre promesses et risques\u00a0: comment formaliser le commerce de ressources naturelles ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Il faut \u00eatre prudent dans la d\u00e9marche de formalisation du commerce de ressources naturelles (bois, rotin, chicle, noix de cajou) dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement, sugg\u00e8re une nouvelle \u00e9tude consacr\u00e9e aux lois sur les ressources naturelles \u00e0 travers le monde. Bien que la plupart du commerce de ressources naturelles soit r\u00e9gi par des lois nationales [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28902\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-06-03T14:28:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-09-30T10:26:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/8638802195_821ff6a005_o-cov.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Robert V S Redick\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Robert V S Redick\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/500cc63388d78e80df2f85b82365b692\"},\"headline\":\"Entre promesses et risques\u00a0: comment formaliser le commerce de ressources naturelles ?\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-06-03T14:28:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-09-30T10:26:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles\"},\"wordCount\":1133,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/05\\\/8638802195_821ff6a005_o-cov.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change &amp; energy\",\"Deforestation\",\"Landscapes\",\"Mitigation\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2015\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/28902\\\/beaucoup-de-promesses-beaucoup-de-risques-formaliser-le-commerce-de-ressources-naturelles\",\"name\":\"Entre promesses et risques\u00a0: comment formaliser le commerce de ressources naturelles ? 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