{"id":28539,"date":"2015-05-18T04:46:01","date_gmt":"2015-05-17T21:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=28539"},"modified":"2015-09-30T17:15:28","modified_gmt":"2015-09-30T10:15:28","slug":"quand-lagriculture-remplace-les-forets-et-les-prairies-les-emissions-senvolent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28539\/quand-lagriculture-remplace-les-forets-et-les-prairies-les-emissions-senvolent","title":{"rendered":"Quand les cultures remplacent les for\u00eats et les prairies, les \u00e9missions d\u00e9collent"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Paisaje<\/a>
Paysage pr\u00e8s de Rio Branco au Br\u00e9sil. L’\u00e9levage bovin est l\u2019un des principaux facteurs de d\u00e9forestation au Br\u00e9sil. Photo : Kate Evans\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Au cours des 40 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la conversion de p\u00e2turages en terres agricoles a lib\u00e9r\u00e9 plus de carbone, contenu dans le sol de plusieurs prairies d’Am\u00e9rique du Sud, que la conversion des for\u00eats en prairies au cours des trois si\u00e8cles ant\u00e9rieurs, selon un nouveau rapport.<\/p>\n

La perte du carbone stock\u00e9 dans les sols cause non seulement une d\u00e9gradation des terres mais nuit aussi \u00e0 la biodiversit\u00e9, alors que les \u00e9missions de carbone contribuent au changement climatique.<\/p>\n

L\u2019ann\u00e9e 2015 ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sign\u00e9e ann\u00e9e internationale des sols <\/span>par<\/span><\/span> l’ONU<\/span><\/a>, le livre dans lequel le rapport est publi\u00e9, intitul\u00e9 Carbone dans le sol : science, gestion et politique pour des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices multiples<\/a>, arrive au bon moment.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous ne faisons pas beaucoup attention \u00e0 rendre aux sols ce que nous leur prenons \u00bb, d\u00e9clare Christopher Martius, scientifique chevronn\u00e9 du Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale<\/a><\/span> (CIFOR). \u00ab Il est beaucoup plus facile de maintenir le carbone dans le sol que de le reconstituer. Des technologies et des approches existent, mais elles exigent un changement des mentalit\u00e9s, ainsi que des investissements et des circonstances politiques favorables. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\n

Pour lire l\u2019\u00e9tude :<\/strong><\/p>\n

Impacts des changements de l’utilisation des terres sur les stocks de carbone et sur la dynamique des biomes au centre et au sud de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Auparavant, M. Martius a travaill\u00e9 avec des coll\u00e8gues br\u00e9siliens et argentins \u00e0 l’Institut interam\u00e9ricain de recherche sur les changements \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du globe<\/a> (IAI) \u00e0 S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos au Br\u00e9sil dans le but d\u2019examiner l’impact des changements de l’utilisation des terres sur les stocks de carbone dans trois biomes distincts au centre et au sud de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine : la savane du Cerrado au Br\u00e9sil<\/a>, les prairies de la Pampa en Argentine et les \u00ab for\u00eats de l’Atlantique \u00bb des r\u00e9gions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res \u00e0 l’Est du continent. Leur travail, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab Impacts des changements de l’utilisation des terres sur les stocks de carbone et sur la dynamique des biomes au centre et au sud de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine<\/a> \u00bb, constitue l’un des 31 chapitres du livre.<\/p>\n

QUATRE COUPABLES<\/h4>\n

Selon les auteurs, quatre secteurs agricoles causent le plus de d\u00e9g\u00e2ts au sol : les denr\u00e9es telles que le soja; les bois tels que l’eucalyptus et le pin ; le b\u00e9tail ; les biocarburants produits \u00e0 partir de canne \u00e0 sucre.<\/p>\n

Au cours des 30 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, \u00e9crivent-ils, la zone d\u00e9di\u00e9e aux cultures de soja dans la Pampa argentine a presque quadrupl\u00e9 et a augment\u00e9 de pr\u00e8s de 10 fois dans le Cerrado br\u00e9silien. La superficie des cultures de canne \u00e0 sucre au Br\u00e9sil a presque doubl\u00e9 au cours des 20 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, toutes conversions d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation naturelle en un syst\u00e8me d\u2019exploitation agricole m\u00e8nent \u00e0 une perte significative des stocks de carbone contenus dans le sol. Quant au bassin hydrologique de la rivi\u00e8re La Plata dans la r\u00e9gion de la Pampa, les auteurs affirment que la conversion en faveur des terres cultiv\u00e9es a entra\u00een\u00e9 une diminution des stocks de carbone de plus de 29 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques par an au cours des 25 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Si vous travaillez en permanence la terre, alors vous exposez le carbone du sol \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation \u00bb, explique M. Martius. \u00ab C\u2019est pourquoi l’une de nos recommandations est d’adopter une agriculture de conservation ou de no<\/span>n<\/span><\/span>–<\/span>labour<\/span><\/span><\/a> du sol. Selon cette m\u00e9thode, les agriculteurs r\u00e9duisent la fr\u00e9quence du labour et essayent de garder autant de r\u00e9sidus v\u00e9g\u00e9taux que possible sur la terre. \u00bb<\/p>\n

NE PAS INTERDIRE LES FEUX<\/h4>\n

Bien que l’agriculture de conservation soit souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme une approche holistique et respectueuse de l’environnement, elle peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre b\u00e9n\u00e9fique sur le plan \u00e9conomique. Comme les chercheurs le soulignent, de nombreux producteurs commerciaux \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle au Br\u00e9sil ont adopt\u00e9 des m\u00e9thodes exemptes de labour parce que moins de labour signifie moins de carburant, moins de machines et moins de travail.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Ces entreprises ont d\u00e9couvert qu’elles peuvent cultiver les cultures en faisant des petits trous dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation existante et en plantant les graines dans ces petits trous \u00bb, explique M. Martius. \u00ab Cette pratique garde la terre plus ou moins intacte et donne une bonne r\u00e9colte. En outre, elle permet \u00e9galement de r\u00e9duire les pertes de carbone puisque le sol n\u2019est pas retourn\u00e9 aussi souvent. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Toutefois, la pr\u00e9servation du carbone stock\u00e9 dans les sols est souvent complexe et implique de nombreux compromis sociaux, environnementaux et \u00e9conomiques. Les producteurs de canne \u00e0 sucre, par exemple, br\u00fblent les feuilles avant la r\u00e9colte. Cela permet de r\u00e9duire le travail \u00e9reintant de leurs moissonneurs, mais d\u00e9grade \u00e9galement les sols.<\/p>\n

\u00ab On ne peut pas interdire imm\u00e9diatement la pratique du br\u00fblage, car elle aide les travailleurs \u00bb, affirme M. Martius. \u00ab Une interdiction peut seulement fonctionner si on introduit des machines qui permettent une \u00e9conomie de travail. Mais alors advient le probl\u00e8me de la menace des emplois d’un demi-million de personnes par les nouvelles technologies. Il n’y a pas de solution facile. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs recommandent une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de strat\u00e9gies agricoles pour r\u00e9duire les pertes de carbone stock\u00e9 dans les sols. Parmi elles : la plantation de plusieurs cultures au lieu d\u2019une seule culture, la rotation avec des esp\u00e8ces de l\u00e9gumineuses couvrantes pour enrichir le sol en azote qui interagit avec le carbone, ou la combinaison de b\u00e9tail et d\u2019arbres avec les cultures. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 prouv\u00e9 que ces techniques augmentent les niveaux de carbone du sol jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e8s de deux tonnes m\u00e9triques par hectare chaque ann\u00e9e. Outre la pr\u00e9servation de la r\u00e9silience du sol, ces techniques peuvent \u00e9galement aider les agriculteurs de l’Am\u00e9rique du Sud \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les impacts n\u00e9gatifs du changement climatique.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Perdre du carbone des sols l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il s\u2019est accumul\u00e9 au cours de si\u00e8cles, voire de mill\u00e9naires, se fait assez facilement \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Martius. \u00ab Le r\u00e9tablir est compliqu\u00e9 et prend beaucoup de temps. Nous ne pouvons pas le reconstituer aussi vite que nous le d\u00e9truisons. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Christopher Martius \u00e0 l\u2019adresse c.martius@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les recherches du CIFOR sur les for\u00eats et l\u2019agriculture s\u2019inscrivent dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Au cours des 40 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la conversion de p\u00e2turages en terres agricoles a lib\u00e9r\u00e9 plus de carbone, contenu dans le sol de plusieurs prairies d’Am\u00e9rique du Sud, que la conversion des for\u00eats en prairies au cours des trois si\u00e8cles ant\u00e9rieurs, selon un nouveau rapport. La perte du carbone stock\u00e9 dans les sols cause non […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":107,"featured_media":27138,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12233],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3109,3202,3205,3201,3080,3203,2334,3204,3078],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3000],"coauthors":[1141],"class_list":["post-28539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","language-francais","location-brazil","tag-francais-agriculture","tag-francais-bresil","tag-francais-cerrado","tag-francais-christopher-martius","tag-francais-deforestation","tag-francais-degradation","tag-francais-emissions-de-carbone","tag-francais-soja","tag-francais-stocks-de-carbone","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nQuand les cultures remplacent les for\u00eats et les prairies, les \u00e9missions d\u00e9collent - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28539\/quand-lagriculture-remplace-les-forets-et-les-prairies-les-emissions-senvolent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quand les cultures remplacent les for\u00eats et les prairies, les \u00e9missions d\u00e9collent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Au cours des 40 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la conversion de p\u00e2turages en terres agricoles a lib\u00e9r\u00e9 plus de carbone, contenu dans le sol de plusieurs prairies d’Am\u00e9rique du Sud, que la conversion des for\u00eats en prairies au cours des trois si\u00e8cles ant\u00e9rieurs, selon un nouveau rapport. 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