{"id":28361,"date":"2015-05-05T22:22:15","date_gmt":"2015-05-05T15:22:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=28361"},"modified":"2015-11-06T14:40:58","modified_gmt":"2015-11-06T07:40:58","slug":"communaute-et-lois-les-reponses-au-commerce-illegal-despeces-sauvages","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28361\/communaute-et-lois-les-reponses-au-commerce-illegal-despeces-sauvages","title":{"rendered":"Les r\u00e9ponses au commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_27905\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27905\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/43.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27905 size-large\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/43-500x353.jpg\" alt=\"Patroli militer di zona konservasi gajah di Afrika seringkali menyebabkan kematian para penjarah dan petugas, selain juga tingginya biaya sosial dan finansial. Photo courtesy: Doug Kukurudza\" width=\"500\" height=\"353\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27905\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Les patrouilles militaires dans les vastes zones de protection d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9phants d&rsquo;Afrique se sont sold\u00e9es par des d\u00e9c\u00e8s de braconniers et de gardes forestiers, en plus de co\u00fbts sociaux et financiers \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Photo : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/46009763@N07\/5535174602\/in\/photolist-87K9E9-9r8dyS-o94VVB-5J3mkJ-hA2yZP-8rq8W7-ozC9Ym-qRLbcL-kmz5P5-BvZYg-91VZTb-frJBoT-zbAfM-o9GZqD-9sH2UN-ob9tNg-8bS3PF-bscjhF-nRTC1a-67NFxz-qA6McN-8HywJy-9tswWh-59Nxjk-FJAz8-qwdUey-ke9gwQ-fsQZH8-zNYza-fP8FzJ-aDEdmU-67ajaN-oFrSnf-khHG9H-a3Fre8-8wYbVd-sMrw3-5vVima-nSvGrq-anFnuU-9qAAK4-BfpgU-zQe8Z-6pSZEY-gTLzfZ-Q5kVp-6strvo-dEXwip-HCYL6-7CQsWR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Doug Kukurudza<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Comme le <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/unea\/the-escalating-illegal-trade-in-wildlife-and-timber.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages s\u2019intensifie<\/span><\/a> \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale, de nombreux organismes gouvernementaux et de pr\u00e9servation ont ajust\u00e9 leurs mesures d&rsquo;application : intensification du suivi, de la surveillance, des punitions, des raids, voire emploi de soldats.<\/p>\n<p>Ces \u00e9v\u00e8nements ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9 de nouvelles critiques des strat\u00e9gies de pr\u00e9servation ax\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;application de la loi et \u00e0 une interrogation sur le r\u00f4le des communaut\u00e9s locales dans la lutte contre l\u2019extraction et le commerce ill\u00e9gaux de la faune sauvage. Cependant, une juxtaposition des strat\u00e9gies de pr\u00e9servation focalis\u00e9es sur l\u2019application et celles bas\u00e9es sur les communaut\u00e9s peut \u00e9galement s&rsquo;av\u00e9rer inutile. Contre le commerce ill\u00e9gal de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d\u2019une grande valeur, ces strat\u00e9gies de pr\u00e9servation peuvent \u00eatre ins\u00e9parables.<\/p>\n<h4>LES MESURES BAS\u00c9ES SUR L\u2019APPLICATION DE LA LOI<\/h4>\n<p>La mise en vigueur renforc\u00e9e de la loi men\u00e9e par l&rsquo;\u00c9tat fait face \u00e0 de s\u00e9rieux obstacles. La militarisation des zones de protection de rhinoc\u00e9ros et d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9phants dans de vastes parties de l&rsquo;Afrique, ainsi que des <a href=\"http:\/\/eia-international.org\/the-siamese-rosewood-craze-for-whom-the-bell-tolls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">zones de protection des palissandres (Dalbergia spp.) en Asie du Sud-Est<\/span><\/a>, a entra\u00een\u00e9 le d\u00e9c\u00e8s de braconniers et de gardes forestiers, en plus de co\u00fbts sociaux et financiers \u00e9lev\u00e9s. En outre, la pr\u00e9servation bas\u00e9e sur l\u2019application de la loi risque de saper les motivations locales de pr\u00e9servation ainsi que les droits locaux aux ressources sauvages. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>Plus important encore, les r\u00e9sultats de pr\u00e9servation li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;application renforc\u00e9e de la loi par l&rsquo;\u00c9tat demeurent flous. L\u2019exclusion pratiqu\u00e9e par les strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;application peut s\u2019av\u00e9rer <a href=\"http:\/\/www.environmentalevidence.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/CEE10-007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">efficace dans certaines circonstances<\/span><\/a>. Cependant, il existe \u00e9galement de nombreux exemples de d\u00e9marches d&rsquo;application de la loi qui peinent \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le commerce ill\u00e9gal, en particulier en ce qui concerne les produits sauvages de grande valeur tels que la r\u00e9sine du bois d&rsquo;agar (Acquilaria spp.) utilis\u00e9e pour l&rsquo;encens, les essences de bois pr\u00e9cieux, la corne de rhinoc\u00e9ros, l&rsquo;ivoire d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9phant, les nageoires de requin et les peaux des grands chat.<\/p>\n<p>Des \u00e9cologistes examinent les mod\u00e8les existants afin de trouver la meilleure fa\u00e7on d\u2019aborder le commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00c9VALUATION DES MOD\u00c8LES COMMUNAUTAIRES<\/h4>\n<p>Des praticiens de la pr\u00e9servation et des universitaires se sont r\u00e9cemment r\u00e9unis pr\u00e8s de Johannesburg en Afrique du Sud dans le cadre d&rsquo;un colloque intitul\u00e9 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iucn.nl\/en\/?18968\/Community-led-solutions-key-force-in-tackling-wildlife-crime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Au-<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">del\u00e0 de l&rsquo;application : communaut\u00e9, gouvernance et utilisation durable dans la lutte contre la criminalit\u00e9 enve<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">rs la faune sauvage<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9union a mis en avant des \u00e9tudes de cas concernant la fa\u00e7on dont les communaut\u00e9s abordent la r\u00e9colte et le commerce ill\u00e9gaux de plantes et d\u2019animaux sauvages \u00e0 travers le monde. Toutes \u00e9taient fond\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;id\u00e9e que lorsque les communaut\u00e9s voient des avantages significatifs et directs dans la pr\u00e9servation de la faune sauvage, elles peuvent \u00eatre, et sont souvent, motiv\u00e9es \u00e0 la prot\u00e9ger.<\/p>\n<p>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les retomb\u00e9es financi\u00e8res et non-financi\u00e8res pour les particuliers et les communaut\u00e9s ont motiv\u00e9 les r\u00e9sidents locaux \u00e0 s\u2019engager dans la pr\u00e9servation, \u00e0 exclure et \u00e0 sanctionner \u00e9galement les acteurs du commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages. Les cas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s lors du colloque ont soulign\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;identifier des incitations robustes et durables pour les communaut\u00e9s pour faire face aux leurres du commerce ill\u00e9gal.<\/p>\n<p>Par exemple, dans de nombreuses aires de protection en Namibie les droits d&rsquo;utilisation et de r\u00e9colte de la faune sauvage ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9volus aux propri\u00e9taires terriens et aux communaut\u00e9s locales. Ces mod\u00e8les s\u2019appuient fortement sur la chasse r\u00e9glement\u00e9e au troph\u00e9e, qui finance la pr\u00e9servation et le d\u00e9veloppement rural tout en fournissant de la viande aux r\u00e9sidents locaux.<\/p>\n<p>Dans d&rsquo;autres endroits, des ONG, des organismes gouvernementaux ou des propri\u00e9taires de terres priv\u00e9es d\u00e9tiennent un contr\u00f4le consid\u00e9rable sur les ressources sauvages, mais partagent les retomb\u00e9es avec les communaut\u00e9s locales.<\/p>\n<p>Au Kenya, certaines structures impliquent des op\u00e9rateurs touristiques priv\u00e9s qui louent des terres de protection directement aupr\u00e8s des communaut\u00e9s locales et qui fournissent \u00e9galement des emplois locaux. Ailleurs, la pr\u00e9servation fournit des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices indirects : le tourisme li\u00e9 aux gorilles de montagne au Rwanda, par exemple, fournit 5 % des recettes touristiques aux projets de d\u00e9veloppement g\u00e9r\u00e9s par les communaut\u00e9s.  <div class='short-image short-image--left'>\n\t\t\t\t<a class='fancybox-image GTMshortImage' href='' target='_self'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__thumb'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src='' width='260'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__type'><h3><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='short-image__title'><h4><\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<h4>LES INCITATIONS SONT-ELLES SUFFISANTES ?<\/h4>\n<p>Cependant, les incitations peuvent avoir du mal \u00e0 contrer le commerce ill\u00e9gal tr\u00e8s lucratif de certaines esp\u00e8ces sauvages.<\/p>\n<p>Les preuves pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es lors du colloque indiquent que le tourisme \u00e9choue souvent \u00e0 g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des incitations financi\u00e8res ad\u00e9quates et fiables. Les limites sont similaires lorsque la pr\u00e9servation d\u00e9pend du financement de donateurs volontaires. Beaucoup de participants \u00e0 l&rsquo;atelier ont exprim\u00e9 l\u2019importance des incitations diverses et cons\u00e9quentes pour les r\u00e9sidents locaux.<\/p>\n<p>En outre, les donn\u00e9es indiquent que l&rsquo;application de la loi reste extr\u00eamement d\u00e9licate, m\u00eame si des incitations pour la pr\u00e9servation existent.<\/p>\n<p>Le commerce ill\u00e9gal de la faune sauvage se produit m\u00eame l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la pr\u00e9servation par les communaut\u00e9s rencontre un grand succ\u00e8s. Les incitations au commerce de nombreux taxons d\u2019une grande valeur peuvent tout simplement \u00eatre trop importantes pour \u00eatre surmont\u00e9es ou alors elles restent attrayantes pour un petit nombre de r\u00e9sidents locaux. Dans d&rsquo;autres cas, le commerce est r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par des \u00e9trangers. Les r\u00e9sidents locaux ont peu de chances de s\u2019attaquer aux trafiquants arm\u00e9s et organis\u00e9s qui sont souvent impliqu\u00e9s dans le commerce de la faune d\u2019une grande valeur.<\/p>\n<p>Dans ces cas, les organes de contr\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00c9tat, ayant une autorit\u00e9 et une expertise suffisantes pour cibler les auteurs, sont essentiels pour la pr\u00e9servation. L&rsquo;application de la loi et les poursuites appropri\u00e9es sont \u00e9galement importantes pour la cr\u00e9ation de dissuasions claires du commerce ill\u00e9gal d\u2019esp\u00e8ces sauvages. Une telle application est \u00e9galement essentielle afin de respecter les droits des communaut\u00e9s, y compris l&rsquo;utilisation durable des ressources sauvages.<\/p>\n<p>Les communaut\u00e9s ont \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le essentiel \u00e0 jouer dans les processus formels d&rsquo;application. Les r\u00e9sidents locaux d\u00e9tiennent souvent des connaissances approfondies et sont les \u00ab yeux et les oreilles \u00bb sur le terrain pour soutenir la pr\u00e9servation. La surveillance et la d\u00e9claration au niveau local peuvent \u00eatre \u00e0 la fois plus cibl\u00e9es, efficaces et durables que l\u2019application men\u00e9e par l&rsquo;\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n<h4>LES PARTENARIATS COMMUNAUT\u00c9 &#8211; APPLICATION<\/h4>\n<p>L&rsquo;atelier a soulign\u00e9 que les solutions bas\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;application de la loi et celles bas\u00e9es sur les communaut\u00e9s ne sont pas des r\u00e9ponses singuli\u00e8res ou isol\u00e9es. La focalisation \u00e9troite sur l&rsquo;application par l&rsquo;\u00c9tat entra\u00eene des co\u00fbts sociaux et \u00e9conomiques \u00e9lev\u00e9s et il faut reconna\u00eetre les possibilit\u00e9s propres aux mod\u00e8les locaux de pr\u00e9servation bas\u00e9s sur des incitations. Toutefois, les mod\u00e8les communautaires ne sont pas une panac\u00e9e et ils demeurent vuln\u00e9rables face aux d\u00e9fis du commerce ill\u00e9gal continu. Les r\u00f4les respectifs de l&rsquo;application de la loi par l&rsquo;Etat et de l&rsquo;engagement communautaire ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement reconnus. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p>La mise en place de partenariats entre les communaut\u00e9s et les d\u00e9marches d\u2019application de la loi n\u00e9cessitent une compr\u00e9hension de la fa\u00e7on dont les droits d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et les incitations \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation influencent la prise de d\u00e9cision des acteurs locaux. N\u00e9anmoins, les partenariats productifs entre les r\u00e9sidents locaux et les organismes \u00e9tatiques charg\u00e9s de la mise en vigueur de la loi n\u00e9cessitent plus qu\u2019un apport financier. Une histoire d&rsquo;oppression, d&rsquo;injustice sociale et d&rsquo;exclusion des communaut\u00e9s signifie que la cr\u00e9ation de relations positives entre les communaut\u00e9s et les organismes officiels charg\u00e9s de l&rsquo;application de la loi peut s\u2019av\u00e9rer difficile.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;engagement direct, la responsabilit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 sont \u00e9galement essentiels pour obtenir l&rsquo;appui des communaut\u00e9s pour prot\u00e9ger la faune d\u2019une grande valeur. Ces types de r\u00e9sultats concernant l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 et l\u2019environnement sont <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/24657\/social-equity-in-payment-for-environmental-services-schemes\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">de mieux en mieux document\u00e9s dans divers contextes<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9sidents locaux sont des acteurs essentiels dans la lutte contre le commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages. Il est crucial de mieux faire valoir que la reconnaissance des droits et des motivations locales peut contribuer \u00e0 contrer le commerce. Cependant, les mod\u00e8les communautaires sont peu susceptibles de prendre la place de l&rsquo;application de la loi par l&rsquo;Etat dans la lutte contre le trafic de la faune sauvage.<\/p>\n<p><em>Jacob Phelps est scientifique au Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale (CIFOR). Duan Biggs est chercheur postdoctoral au Centre d&rsquo;excellence pour les d\u00e9cisions environnementales \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Queensland.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pour plus d&rsquo;informations sur le commerce ill\u00e9gal de la faune sauvage et de la mise en \u0153uvre de la pr\u00e9servation veuillez contacter <a href=\"mailto:j.phelps@cgiar.org\">j.phelps@cgiar.org<\/a> ou <a href=\"mailto:d.biggs@uq.edu.au\">d.biggs@uq.edu.au<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comme le commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages s\u2019intensifie \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale, de nombreux organismes gouvernementaux et de pr\u00e9servation ont ajust\u00e9 leurs mesures d&rsquo;application : intensification du suivi, de la surveillance, des punitions, des raids, voire emploi de soldats. Ces \u00e9v\u00e8nements ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9 de nouvelles critiques des strat\u00e9gies de pr\u00e9servation ax\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;application de la loi et [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":131,"featured_media":27905,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12246],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3160,5594,5596,2997,5523,5595,3112],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[1468,2060],"class_list":["post-28361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","language-francais","location-africa","tag-francais-afrique","tag-francais-application-de-la-loi","tag-francais-braconnage","tag-francais-communautes-locales","tag-francais-delit-forestier","tag-francais-participation-locale","tag-francais-preservation","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les r\u00e9ponses au commerce ill\u00e9gal d&#039;esp\u00e8ces sauvages - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/28361\/communaute-et-lois-les-reponses-au-commerce-illegal-despeces-sauvages\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les r\u00e9ponses au commerce ill\u00e9gal d&#039;esp\u00e8ces sauvages\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Comme le commerce ill\u00e9gal d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces sauvages s\u2019intensifie \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale, de nombreux organismes gouvernementaux et de pr\u00e9servation ont ajust\u00e9 leurs mesures d&rsquo;application : intensification du suivi, de la surveillance, des punitions, des raids, voire emploi de soldats. 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