{"id":27518,"date":"2015-03-24T21:58:48","date_gmt":"2015-03-24T14:58:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=27518"},"modified":"2015-09-30T19:44:24","modified_gmt":"2015-09-30T12:44:24","slug":"2015-une-annee-sous-le-signe-de-lintegration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/27518\/2015-une-annee-sous-le-signe-de-lintegration","title":{"rendered":"2015 : ann\u00e9e de l’int\u00e9gration"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Campos<\/a>
Rizi\u00e8res en terrasses et\u00a0for\u00eats au loin, \u00e0 Bali en Indon\u00e9sie. Photo : Daniel Murdiyarso\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Peu de personnes \u00e9voluant dans les milieux du d\u00e9veloppement et de l’environnement n’ont pas not\u00e9 que cette ann\u00e9e sera celle des rassemblements d’accords mondiaux. Apr\u00e8s un processus de 43 ans, de Stockholm en 1972<\/a><\/span> \u00e0 Rio 1992<\/a><\/span> et finalement Rio+20 <\/span>e<\/span><\/span>n 2012<\/span><\/a>, le programme <\/span>pour le<\/span><\/span> d\u00e9<\/span>veloppement post-2015<\/span><\/a> \u00e9volue et sera au coeur de l’Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations Unies en septembre. Apr\u00e8s 21 ans de n\u00e9gociations, la convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique<\/a><\/span> va \u00e9voluer vers un nouveau trait\u00e9 lors de la COP21 \u00e0 Paris en d\u00e9cembre. Avec la mise en place de ces deux accords, le monde disposera d\u2019un nouveau cadre pour d’actions, approuv\u00e9 au niveau politique le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Cela soul\u00e8ve deux questions sur ces processus de haut niveau :<\/p>\n

(1) Comment ces deux grandes trajectoires se compl\u00e8tent-elles mutuellement ?<\/p>\n

(2) Comment les secteurs \u00e9conomiques, tels que la foresterie, peuvent-ils agir au mieux pour atteindre ces objectifs ?<\/p>\n

Le mot cl\u00e9 semble \u00eatre \u00ab l’int\u00e9gration \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Concernant la premi\u00e8re question, il n\u2019est un secret pour personne que le d\u00e9veloppement durable et le changement climatique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9s s\u00e9par\u00e9ment dans les couloirs intergouvernementaux. L’histoire du d\u00e9veloppement durable est tr\u00e8s bien d\u00e9crite dans ce document de synth\u00e8se<\/span><\/a> sur Rio+20. Il explique que l’Agenda 21 de 1992 avait un parti pris envers la dimension environnementale du d\u00e9veloppement durable et que la mise en \u0153uvre des objectifs a \u00e9t\u00e9 sous-estim\u00e9e. Comme nous le savons, la CCNUCC est n\u00e9e de cette m\u00eame Agenda 21 et a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9e <\/span>en<\/span><\/span> processus majeur, ind\u00e9pendant et complexe de n\u00e9gociation<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Au cours des deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, des documents cl\u00e9s de l’ONU, tels que le plan Rio+<\/span>10 de mise en \u0153uvre du Sommet mondial sur le d\u00e9veloppement <\/span>durable<\/span><\/a> de 2002, se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent \u00e0 la CCNUCC pour les questions li\u00e9es au changement climatique. Cette \u00ab d\u00e9l\u00e9gation \u00bb a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 occuper une place importante dans le r<\/span>ap<\/span><\/span>por<\/span>t<\/span><\/span> Rio+20<\/span><\/span><\/a> de 2012. Dans un rapp<\/span>ort de 2013 <\/span>du<\/span><\/span> Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Nations <\/span>Unies<\/span><\/a>, la CCNUCC est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l’une des trois \u00ab conventions sur l’environnement \u00bb. Alors que les sections sur la CDB et l\u2019UNCCD font r\u00e9f\u00e9rence au processus continu post-2015, ce n’est pas le cas de la section de la CCNUCC.<\/p>\n

DES ACCORDS COH\u00c9RENTS AU NIVEAU MONDIAL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avant 2015, l\u2019appel \u00e0 l\u2019action de la COP20 \u00e0 Lima<\/a><\/span> a continu\u00e9 de consid\u00e9rer le d\u00e9veloppement durable comme un \u00ab b\u00e9n\u00e9fice connexe \u00bb. Toutefois, des renvois au d\u00e9veloppement durable apparaissent fr\u00e9quemment dans l\u2019\u00e9bauche du texte de n\u00e9gociation. Plus important encore, en 2014 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations Unies a \u00e9t\u00e9 organis\u00e9e conjointement avec un sommet sur le climat<\/a><\/span> qui a attir\u00e9 beaucoup de monde. En outre, le Groupe de travail ouvert post-2015 de l’ONU a clairement d\u00e9fini la lutte contre le changement climatique comme l’un de ces objectifs propos\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement durabl<\/span>e<\/span><\/a> (m\u00eame si une note de bas de page, unique parmi les 17 objectifs, souligne toujours la CCNUCC comme le lieu sp\u00e9cifique o\u00f9 n\u00e9gocier la r\u00e9ponse mondiale au changement climatique).<\/p>\n

Sans plonger trop profond\u00e9ment dans l’analyse des structures politiques et institutionnelles qui ont maintenu les n\u00e9gociations sur le d\u00e9veloppement durable et celles sur le changement climatique s\u00e9par\u00e9es, il est clair que certaines convergences ont lieu maintenant. Nous pouvons peut-\u00eatre m\u00eame parler d’int\u00e9gration, au moins au niveau des actions.<\/p>\n

Il est important d’observer que les deux processus visent actuellement des accords coh\u00e9rents au niveau mondial. Les ODD sont destin\u00e9s \u00e0 \u00eatre mondiaux, alors que les OMD pr\u00e9existants se concentraient sur les pays \u00ab en voie de d\u00e9veloppement \u00bb. De m\u00eame, alors que l\u2019accord pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent sur le climat, le Protocole de Kyoto, \u00e9tait principalement focalis\u00e9 sur les pays de l’OCDE, le trait\u00e9 de Paris va viser une pertinence mondiale. Cette perspective plan\u00e9taire aura probablement un impact important sur la fa\u00e7on dont les accords seront per\u00e7us et mis en \u0153uvre.<\/p>\n

Dans le discours de Laurent Fabius<\/a><\/span> au r\u00e9cent Sommet du d\u00e9veloppement durable \u00e0 Delhi, j\u2019ai entendu le ministre des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res et du D\u00e9veloppement international de la France, d\u00e9clarer fermement que le d\u00e9veloppement et le climat devaient \u00eatre trait\u00e9s ensemble. C\u2019est en effet un bon signe et je me joins \u00e0 d\u2019autres pour souhaiter le succ\u00e8s de la France qui va accueillir la COP21 et pour soutenir des ambitions portant \u00e0 la fois sur le d\u00e9veloppement et le climat.<\/p>\n

Passons maintenant \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me question : chaque secteur \u00e9conomique est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 de nouveaux d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s, dont certains seront abord\u00e9s dans les futurs accords de 2015. Un des d\u00e9fis est de relier les grandes ambitions politiques exprim\u00e9es dans les ODD aux cons\u00e9quences pour chaque secteur. Par exemple, comment un secteur relativement secondaire, tel que la foresterie, peut-il se configurer lui-m\u00eame pour contribuer le mieux possible mondialement<\/a><\/span> (ou, au contraire, provoquer le moins de dommages possibles).<\/p>\n

Les secteurs \u00e9conomiques ont tendance, par d\u00e9finition, \u00e0 \u00eatre s\u00e9par\u00e9s des uns des autres et les solutions sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement recherch\u00e9es en interne, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire au sein d’un m\u00eame secteur. Les institutions, les communaut\u00e9s professionnelles, la science, l’\u00e9ducation, les cha\u00eenes de valeur, les traditions et les perceptions du public peuvent contribuer \u00e0 se focaliser fortement sur les secteurs. Ceci favorise souvent l’innovation interne, l’efficacit\u00e9 et les gains \u00e9conomiques. Cependant, un effet secondaire de cette sp\u00e9cialisation est l’inhibition des interactions entre les secteurs, vu que les terminologies, les pratiques, les communaut\u00e9s et les valeurs divergent. Les fronti\u00e8res entre les secteurs, comme l’agriculture, la sylviculture et la p\u00eache, peuvent \u00eatre tr\u00e8s prononc\u00e9es, m\u00eame au sein des institutions telles que la FAO<\/a><\/span> et le CGIAR<\/a><\/span> qui sont cens\u00e9es aborder ces \u00ab secteurs agricoles \u00bb de mani\u00e8re globale. Il est \u00e9vident pour beaucoup de personnes que les contributions combin\u00e9es des secteurs agricoles joueront un grand r\u00f4le dans la r\u00e9alisation des ODD et dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. En ce sens, le Forum mondial sur les paysages<\/a><\/span> est en train de devenir une plateforme puissante pour explorer cette int\u00e9gration et cette collaboration horizontale. Le Forum a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour relier les ODD et l’accord sur le climat.<\/p>\n

REGARDER AU-DEL\u00c0 DES TERRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toutefois, cela ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas l\u00e0. En regardant les ODD propos\u00e9s, on observe que les secteurs agricoles doivent \u00e9galement s’int\u00e9resser \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de questions qui vont au-del\u00e0 des enjeux territoriaux traditionnels. L\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9, la sant\u00e9, l’\u00e9nergie, l’eau, l\u2019infrastructure, les modes de production et de consommation, la croissance \u00e9conomique et les finances sont tous inclus dans le projet des ODD. Vue l\u2019importance du <\/span><\/span>r\u00f4<\/span><\/span>le de la foresterie et de l’agriculture dans ce projet<\/span><\/span><\/a>, il serait irresponsable de les ignor\u00e9s. Par cons\u00e9quent, nous sommes \u00e9galement confront\u00e9s \u00e0 l’int\u00e9gration verticale des secteurs. Par exemple, comment pouvons-nous relier le secteur de la finance avec les petits producteurs agricoles et forestiers, tout en accroissant les investissements indispensables \u00e0 une utilisation durable des terres ?<\/p>\n

Chaque secteur est appel\u00e9 \u00e0 regarder au-del\u00e0 de ses limites traditionnelles et \u00e0 d\u00e9nouer ses relations avec les ODD et les actions relatives au changement climatique. Pour la foresterie, cela revient \u00e0 aller au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019ODD #15 pour voir plus loin : la pauvret\u00e9, la sant\u00e9, l’\u00e9quit\u00e9, la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9, ainsi que la protection de la plan\u00e8te. \u00c9vitons d\u2019imiter les OMD qui ont r\u00e9duit la foresterie \u00e0 quelques mentions marginales. Au lieu de cela, d\u00e9veloppons un discours qui souligne <\/span><\/span>les v\u00e9ritables contributions au d\u00e9veloppement durabl<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par le processus post-2015 sont r\u00e9sum\u00e9s dans un r\u00e9cent rapport de synth\u00e8se du Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l’ONU : \u00ab La route vers la dignit\u00e9 d’ici 2030 : \u00e9radication de la pauvret\u00e9, transformation de toutes les vies et protection de la plan\u00e8te<\/a><\/span> \u00bb. Ca a \u00e9t\u00e9 encourageant de voir de nombreuses allusions crois\u00e9es au d\u00e9fi du changement climatique. J\u2019ai \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 heureux de voir des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences aux for\u00eats, non seulement dans la rubrique r\u00e9serv\u00e9e \u00e0 la protection des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, mais aussi dans la rubrique sur le partage des richesses et sur la croissance \u00e9conomique inclusive et transformatrice.<\/p>\n

En fait, le libell\u00e9 est \u00ab approches durables de la gestion des paysages (comprenant l’agriculture et les for\u00eats) \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Bravo.<\/p>\n

Ah, et le rapport utilise aussi 21 fois le mot \u00ab int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Peu de personnes \u00e9voluant dans les milieux du d\u00e9veloppement et de l’environnement n’ont pas not\u00e9 que cette ann\u00e9e sera celle des rassemblements d’accords mondiaux. Apr\u00e8s un processus de 43 ans, de Stockholm en 1972 \u00e0 Rio 1992 et finalement Rio+20 en 2012, le programme pour le d\u00e9veloppement post-2015 \u00e9volue et sera au coeur de l’Assembl\u00e9e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":26928,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,1072],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12217],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3298,3395,3396,3077,3397,3079,3206,3399,3187,3291,3398],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2965],"coauthors":[680],"class_list":["post-27518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-landscapes","language-francais","location-global","tag-francais-ccnucc","tag-francais-cop21","tag-francais-global-landscapes-forum-2015","tag-francais-gouvernance","tag-francais-laurent-fabius","tag-francais-negociations-climat","tag-francais-objectifs-de-developpement-durable","tag-francais-objectifs-du-millenaire-pour-le-developpement","tag-francais-peter-holmgren","tag-francais-politique","tag-francais-protocole-de-kyoto","type-francais-chronique-du-dg"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n2015 : ann\u00e9e de l'int\u00e9gration - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/27518\/2015-une-annee-sous-le-signe-de-lintegration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2015 : ann\u00e9e de l'int\u00e9gration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Peu de personnes \u00e9voluant dans les milieux du d\u00e9veloppement et de l’environnement n’ont pas not\u00e9 que cette ann\u00e9e sera celle des rassemblements d’accords mondiaux. 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