{"id":26773,"date":"2015-02-11T06:41:06","date_gmt":"2015-02-10T23:41:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=26773"},"modified":"2015-10-08T08:38:59","modified_gmt":"2015-10-08T01:38:59","slug":"charbon-des-donnees-sur-la-deforestation-et-les-emissions-enfouies-sous-les-cendres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/26773\/charbon-des-donnees-sur-la-deforestation-et-les-emissions-enfouies-sous-les-cendres","title":{"rendered":"Charbon : des donn\u00e9es sur la d\u00e9forestation et les \u00e9missions enfouies sous les cendres"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_26228\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26228\" style=\"width: 623px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26228 size-large\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-623x415.jpg\" alt=\"Josephine Lungu, 47 years old, packing charcoal in Zuwalinyenga village. Zambia\u00e2??s forests risk becoming deserts in the next fifteen years going by the current rate of deforestation. 90 percent of the population use charcoal related sources of energy, thereby making charcoal burning a lucrative business venture and a major source of livelihoods. Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR\" width=\"623\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-623x415.jpg 623w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-220x147.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-900x600.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-263x176.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr-566x377.jpg 566w, https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/RS15357-CIFOR-Zambia-195-lpr.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26228\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Lungu empile du charbon de bois \u00e0 Zuwalinyenga en Zambie. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que 90 %\u00a0de la population utilisent le charbon de bois comme source principale d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, les for\u00eats du pays disparaissent peu \u00e0 peu. Ollivier Girard\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 En Afrique, le charbon de bois vaut de l&rsquo;or, dans la vie de tous les jours et comme moyen de subsistance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Bien qu&rsquo;il soit indispensable dans la cuisine de millions d&rsquo;Africains des zones rurales, le charbon a un co\u00fbt: le bois br\u00fbl\u00e9 pour le fabriquer provient des for\u00eats, ce qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re des \u00e9missions de carbone consid\u00e9rables. Il est difficile d&rsquo;obtenir des donn\u00e9es sur les quantit\u00e9s exactes de charbon, mais cela pourrait changer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/4932\/zambia-country-profile-monitoring-reporting-and-verification-for-redd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Dans un rapport r\u00e9cent<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\"> sur les progr\u00e8s de la Zambie sur un <\/span><span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/gcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">programme international visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de carbone en \u00e9vitant la d\u00e9forestation<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\"> (REDD+), les chercheurs de ce pays d&rsquo;Afrique australe ont mis en \u00e9vidence l\u2019ampleur de la lacune de ces donn\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00ab Il n\u2019y a pas beaucoup de donn\u00e9es sur le charbon principalement parce que nous n\u2019avons pas \u00e9tudi\u00e9 en d\u00e9tail son syst\u00e8me de production \u00bb, explique Davison Gumbo, un scientifique du Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale (CIFOR) en Zambie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Sans faits concrets, toute tentative de calculer le dioxyde de carbone \u00e9mis dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re par l&rsquo;industrie du charbon de bois en Afrique australe est r\u00e9duite \u00e0 des conjectures. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Les effets de l&rsquo;industrie sur les for\u00eats de la r\u00e9gion sont tout aussi flous. Pour que la REDD+ soit efficace en Zambie et dans les pays limitrophes, il faut des donn\u00e9es plus solides sur les \u00ab paysages du charbon \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Mais comment peut-on transformer une vaste collection d&rsquo;informations vagues et dispers\u00e9es, souvent transmises de bouche \u00e0 oreille, en chiffres concrets ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Selon M. Gumbo, des initiatives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9es pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces questions. Toutefois, il faudra r\u00e9aliser un travail dur et minutieux en terrain difficile et souvent \u00e9loign\u00e9. En outre, les outils utilis\u00e9s habituellement pour les \u00e9tudes sur les for\u00eats risquent de ne pas \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00ab Il y a beaucoup d&rsquo;autres probl\u00e8mes : le syst\u00e8me de <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">d\u00e9livrance des <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">permis et des licences, le commerce illicite ou encore la qualit\u00e9 de la production. Tous ces aspects ont finalement un effet sur la quantit\u00e9 de carbone \u00e9mise dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Gumbo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00ab Nous devons trouver des mani\u00e8res de quantifier ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments, afin de disposer de donn\u00e9es pour faire des estimations sur les \u00e9missions de carbone issues du charbon de bois. Nous cherchons d\u00e9j\u00e0 des moyens pour y parvenir et j\u2019esp\u00e8re que certains de nos efforts aboutiront dans les prochains mois. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span lang=\"fr-FR\">LA T\u00c9L\u00c9D\u00c9TECTION EST PEU UTILE<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">M\u00eame avec de bonnes conditions, il n\u2019est pas facile de travailler en Afrique. La plupart des r\u00e9gions qui pr\u00e9sentent un int\u00e9r\u00eat pour la REDD+ sont isol\u00e9es, m\u00eame selon les normes africaines. En outre, certaines des zones foresti\u00e8res s\u2019\u00e9tendent au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res nationales. Certains des outils les plus commun\u00e9ment utilis\u00e9s par les chercheurs ne peuvent pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s dans ces milieux. La t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, largement utilis\u00e9e pour surveiller les for\u00eats tropicales, est notamment peu utile.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00ab Nos for\u00eats d&rsquo;Afrique australe ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre clairsem\u00e9es et s\u00e8ches. L&rsquo;un des principaux outils pour \u00e9tudier les for\u00eats, la t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection bas\u00e9e sur des images satellites, ne fonctionne pas tr\u00e8s bien dans cet environnement particulier. Avec les m\u00e9thodes actuelles de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, il est tr\u00e8s difficile de distinguer les terres agricoles des for\u00eats clairsem\u00e9es s\u00e8ches. Elles se ressemblent beaucoup \u00bb, explique M. Gumbo.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span lang=\"fr-FR\">CALCULER LES \u00c9MISSIONS DE <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">CARBONE <\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Cependant, ce probl\u00e8me commence lentement \u00e0 \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Il faut quantifier la production en se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant, par exemple, \u00e0 des paquets de charbon de bois ou au nombre de rondins. La valeur calorifique du bois doit \u00eatre calcul\u00e9e, de m\u00eame que la quantit\u00e9 de chaleur d\u00e9gag\u00e9e lorsque le bois est br\u00fbl\u00e9 et, par cons\u00e9quent, la quantit\u00e9 de dioxyde de carbone \u00e9mise. Cette derni\u00e8re peut n\u00e9anmoins d\u00e9pendre de la densit\u00e9 du bois. Le type de four influe \u00e9galement sur ces donn\u00e9es. Il en est de m\u00eame pour le diam\u00e8tre des rondins : les grands rondins ont tendance \u00e0 br\u00fbler davantage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le syst\u00e8me zambien de d\u00e9livrance des licences est aussi important. Selon la loi, les exploitants ont besoin d&rsquo;un permis pour fabriquer du charbon de bois en Zambie. Dans la pratique, ceci n&rsquo;est pas toujours respect\u00e9. En outre, les d\u00e9tenteurs de permis ont tendance \u00e0 produire trois fois plus de charbon de bois que le montant autoris\u00e9 pour rentabiliser le co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la licence. <div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Il y a \u00e9galement une diff\u00e9rence entre les personnes qui produisent \u00e0 temps plein du charbon de bois de mani\u00e8re professionnelle et les celles qui le produisent en plus de leur activit\u00e9 principale, pour compl\u00e9ter leur agriculture de subsistance avec un apport d\u2019argent. Souvent, ce deuxi\u00e8me groupe n\u2019a pas une production de charbon tr\u00e8s efficace, indique M. Gumbo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Selon lui, pour que la REDD+ r\u00e9ussisse en Zambie et dans le reste de l&rsquo;Afrique australe, il faut trouver un moyen de quantifier tous ces aspects et de les transformer en donn\u00e9es qui peuvent \u00eatre analys\u00e9es. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Cela a des implications pour les for\u00eats de l&rsquo;Afrique australe. Officieusement, les hommes coupent souvent les for\u00eats autour de leur habitation, notamment pour produire du charbon de bois. Une fois qu&rsquo;ils les ont coup\u00e9es, ils pr\u00e9tendent que la terre leur appartient et tentent parfois de trouver une justification l\u00e9gale. La for\u00eat diminue alors. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Selon M. Gumbo, il existerait des moyens pour surveiller et quantifier la situation sur le terrain. Les drones peuvent \u00eatre une option, si l&rsquo;on mobilise suffisamment d&rsquo;argent pour les acheter. La t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection pourrait aussi \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9e. De meilleures images permettraient en effet de faire des interpr\u00e9tations de ce type de milieu. Cependant, \u00e0 court terme, il faudra un effort cons\u00e9quent de suivi attentif sur le terrain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le plus important sera probablement de veiller \u00e0 ce que les populations locales elles-m\u00eames soient impliqu\u00e9es, souligne M. Gumbo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00ab En fin de compte, ce sont elles qui sont les mieux plac\u00e9es pour sauver les for\u00eats autour d&rsquo;elles. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Pour plus d&rsquo;informations sur ces recherches, veuillez contacter Davison Gumbo \u00e0 l\u2019adresse <\/span><span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"mailto:d.gumbo@cgiar.org\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">d.gumbo@cgiar.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><span lang=\"fr-FR\">L\u2019<\/span><span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/gcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00c9tude Comparative Mondiale sur la REDD+<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span lang=\"fr-FR\">du CIFOR est soutenue en partie par le <\/span><span lang=\"zxx\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.foreststreesagroforestry.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l&rsquo;Agroforesterie<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\"> <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\">ainsi que le NORAD, l&rsquo;AusAID, le DFID et la Commission europ\u00e9enne.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 En Afrique, le charbon de bois vaut de l&rsquo;or, dans la vie de tous les jours et comme moyen de subsistance. Bien qu&rsquo;il soit indispensable dans la cuisine de millions d&rsquo;Africains des zones rurales, le charbon a un co\u00fbt: le bois br\u00fbl\u00e9 pour le fabriquer provient des for\u00eats, ce qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re des [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":145,"featured_media":26228,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,95,151],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[12278],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3160,3541,3542,3080,5523,2334,3391,3386,3114,3286,3196,5524,5657,3540],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3000],"coauthors":[1617],"class_list":["post-26773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-human-wellbeing","category-redd-2","language-francais","location-zambia","tag-francais-afrique","tag-francais-charbon-de-bois","tag-francais-davison-gumbo","tag-francais-deforestation","tag-francais-delit-forestier","tag-francais-emissions-de-carbone","tag-francais-energie","tag-francais-forets-seches","tag-francais-gestion-forestiere","tag-francais-mrv","tag-francais-redd","tag-francais-secteur-informel","tag-francais-teledetection","tag-francais-zambie","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Charbon : des donn\u00e9es sur la d\u00e9forestation et les \u00e9missions enfouies sous les cendres - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/26773\/charbon-des-donnees-sur-la-deforestation-et-les-emissions-enfouies-sous-les-cendres\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Charbon : des donn\u00e9es sur la d\u00e9forestation et les \u00e9missions enfouies sous les cendres\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 En Afrique, le charbon de bois vaut de l&rsquo;or, dans la vie de tous les jours et comme moyen de subsistance. 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