{"id":25582,"date":"2014-12-04T02:35:51","date_gmt":"2014-12-03T19:35:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=25582"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:47:12","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:47:12","slug":"des-fours-ameliores-pour-cuisiner-soulagement-des-forets-ethiopiennes-et-du-climat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/25582\/des-fours-ameliores-pour-cuisiner-soulagement-des-forets-ethiopiennes-et-du-climat","title":{"rendered":"Des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s pour cuisiner: soulagement des for\u00eats \u00e9thiopiennes et du climat"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_25175\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25175\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/NEW-ETH-foto-21.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25175\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/NEW-ETH-foto-21-398x500.jpg\" alt=\"An Ethiopian woman roasts coffee with her new cooking stove. Photo courtesy Daniela Tunger\" width=\"500\" height=\"627\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Une \u00e9thiopienne grille du caf\u00e9 sur son nouveau four. Photo: avec l&rsquo;aimable autorisation de Daniela Tunger<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude, un dispositif simple pourrait soulager les for\u00eats \u00e9thiopiennes. Il rend la cuisson plus efficace tout en r\u00e9duisant les \u00e9missions de carbone.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Les fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s (en anglais <em>Improved Cooking Stoves<\/em>, ICS) ont une longue histoire dans les projets de d\u00e9veloppement et de conservation de la nature, car ils permettent de r\u00e9duire la pression sur les ressources foresti\u00e8res tout en am\u00e9liorant les moyens locaux de subsistance. N\u00e9anmoins, le succ\u00e8s des activit\u00e9s li\u00e9es \u00e0 ces fours d\u00e9pend d&rsquo;une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de facteurs, dont la qualit\u00e9 et la convenance de l&rsquo;appareil de cuisson sp\u00e9cifique, ainsi que l\u2019ampleur des activit\u00e9s associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre, telles que formations et campagnes d&rsquo;information au niveau local.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Au\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/landscapes.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Forum mondial sur les paysages<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">\u00a0comment l\u2019agriculture intelligente face au climat peut-elle r\u00e9duire les risques encourus par les petits exploitants agricoles en Afrique, tout en y att\u00e9nuant les impacts des \u00e9v\u00e9nements m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques extr\u00eames sur l&rsquo;agriculture? Ceci et d&rsquo;autres questions seront d\u00e9battues\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/glf-2014\/agenda-item\/day-1-dec-6\/side-events-sessions-for-and-by-youth-private-sector-and-civil-society-organizations\/css-slate-1\/africa-climate-smart-agriculture-alliance-unique-partnership-systemic-approach-food-insecurity-climate-change-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">lors d&rsquo;une session au prochain Forum mondial sur les paysages<\/a>, du 6 au 7 d\u00e9cembre \u00e0 Lima. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/glf-2014\/agenda-item\/day-1-dec-6\/side-events-sessions-for-and-by-youth-private-sector-and-civil-society-organizations\/css-slate-1\/africa-climate-smart-agriculture-alliance-unique-partnership-systemic-approach-food-insecurity-climate-change-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Cliquez ici<\/a>\u00a0pour plus de d\u00e9tails.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">R\u00e9cemment, la revue <em>Land<\/em> <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/library\/5114\/fuelwood-savings-and-carbon-emission-reductions-by-the-use-of-improved-cooking-stoves-in-an-afromontane-forest-ethiopia\/?pub=5114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">a publi\u00e9 une \u00e9tude<\/a>, men\u00e9e en partie par des chercheurs du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR), sur les \u00e9conomies de bois de feu et la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de carbone gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s dans la R\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Kafa en Ethiopie. Pour \u00e9valuer le potentiel des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les impacts n\u00e9gatifs de la collecte du bois de feu sur les for\u00eats, l\u2019\u00e9tude a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 des tests d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des fours et \u00e0 des enqu\u00eates, au total 140 entretiens, aupr\u00e8s des m\u00e9nages concern\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"fr-FR\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">CONTEXTE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">La d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats sont des probl\u00e8mes majeurs en Ethiopie. Entre 1990 et 2010, le pays a perdu chaque ann\u00e9e environ 140 000 hectares de son couvert forestier. La R\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Kafa dans le sud-ouest de l&rsquo;Ethiopie est l&rsquo;une des derni\u00e8res zones du pays couverte d\u2019un taux \u00e9lev\u00e9 de for\u00eats naturelles. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnue comme faisant partie du Point sensible de biodiversit\u00e9 afro-montagnarde orientale, d\u2019une Zone cl\u00e9 pour la biodiversit\u00e9 et d\u2019une r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de l&rsquo;UNESCO.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25172\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25172\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/ETH-Mirt-stove-foto1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25172 size-large\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/ETH-Mirt-stove-foto1-500x312.jpg\" alt=\"ETH Mirt stove foto\" width=\"500\" height=\"312\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25172\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fonctionnement du four\u00a0Mirt: le four est simple, il suffit de seulement six morceaux de b\u00e9ton. C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;un de ses atouts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">De 2009 \u00e0 2014, l\u2019Association allemande de protection de la nature (NABU) a mis en \u0153uvre un projet de grande envergure intitul\u00e9 \u00abLa biodiversit\u00e9 face au changement climatique: conservation, gestion et d\u00e9veloppement de for\u00eats sauvages de caf\u00e9 par les communaut\u00e9s\u00bb, financ\u00e9 par l&rsquo;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.international-climate-initiative.com\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">International Climate Initiative<\/a> (IKI) allemande. La diffusion des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s faisait partie int\u00e9grante du projet, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que la collecte de bois de feu constitue un des facteurs majeurs de d\u00e9forestation et de d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats en Ethiopie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le bois est utilis\u00e9 pour cuire \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re traditionnelle, sur un feu ouvert avec une plaque d&rsquo;argile (mitad) reposant sur trois pierres (connu sous le nom de m\u00e9thode \u00e0 trois pierres) afin de cuire l\u2019injera, le pain \u00e9thiopien typique \u00e0 base de farine de teff. Cependant, cette forme de cuisson n\u2019utilise pas le carburant de mani\u00e8re efficace et cr\u00e9e des risques pour la sant\u00e9 dus \u00e0 la fum\u00e9e \u00e9mise ainsi que des risques de br\u00fblures.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Les fours appel\u00e9s Mirt \u2013 con\u00e7us sp\u00e9cifiquement pour ce style de cuisson \u2013 ont une chambre de combustion qui canalise la chaleur vers le mitad et vers une chemin\u00e9e suppl\u00e9mentaire. Le four est plus efficace, il peut s\u2019utiliser avec une plus grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de combustibles, tels que les r\u00e9sidus de biocarburants sous forme de copeaux de bois. Il permet de pr\u00e9parer plusieurs plats en m\u00eame temps (une casserole pour pr\u00e9parer de la sauce sur la chemin\u00e9e, de l\u2019injera sur le mitad). En outre, le four r\u00e9duit la quantit\u00e9 de fum\u00e9e produite, ainsi que le risque de se br\u00fbler pendant la cuisson.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Environ 11 000 fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis \u00e0 la disposition des communaut\u00e9s locales dans la R\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re. Les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires des fours ont \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s selon des crit\u00e8res sociaux visant \u00e0 garantir l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux fours, ind\u00e9pendamment du revenu et du niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation. Le but de l&rsquo;introduction des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s est de r\u00e9duire le besoin en bois de feu. De plus, en soutenant une combustion plus efficace gr\u00e2ce aux nouveaux fours, la pression sur les for\u00eats est \u00e9galement r\u00e9duite.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">R\u00c9SULTATS<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Selon l&rsquo;\u00e9tude, la quantit\u00e9 de bois a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duite d\u2019environ 40% par rapport aux m\u00e9thodes traditionnelles de cuisson pour la pr\u00e9paration de l\u2019injera. La r\u00e9duction de l\u2019usage de bois se traduit par une \u00e9conomie de 11 800 tonnes d&rsquo;\u00e9missions de dioxyde de carbone par an, ce qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 de carbone stock\u00e9e dans plus de 30 hectares de for\u00eat au sein de la R\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25168\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25168\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/NEW-ETH-foto-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25168 size-large\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/NEW-ETH-foto-1-500x333.jpg\" alt=\"Ethiopian women and children usually spent hours for collecting firewood. A reduction of this hard work is a positive side effect of the \u201cMirt\u201d stoves in the Kafa Biosphere Reserve.  Foto: Bruno D\u2018Amicis\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25168\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Les femmes et les enfants \u00e9thiopiens passent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement beaucoup d\u2019heures \u00e0 ramasser du bois. Les fours\u00a0ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9duire ce temps. Photo: Bruno D&rsquo;Amicis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">En supposant que la dur\u00e9e de vie de chaque fours est de quatre ans, 80% des fours \u00e9tant utilis\u00e9s r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement, les scientifiques estiment une \u00e9conomie de plus de 45 000 tonnes de bois. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que la technologie de cette solution est peu sophistiqu\u00e9e, les chercheurs s\u2019attendent \u00e0 ce que les m\u00e9nages voisins cherchent \u00e0 copier cette m\u00e9thode pour \u00e9conomiser du bois, ce qui implique une augmentation de la demande de fours.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">En outre, l&rsquo;\u00e9tude a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des effets secondaires positifs pour les m\u00e9nages gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction des risques de br\u00fblures, au d\u00e9veloppement restreint de fum\u00e9e, au meilleur go\u00fbt des aliments pr\u00e9par\u00e9s et \u00e0 une diminution des d\u00e9penses pour le bois.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9tude, on peut envisager d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles am\u00e9liorations du Mirt, concernant des tailles et des composants diff\u00e9rents, ainsi qu\u2019un remplacement possible de la plaque d&rsquo;argile traditionnelle par une plaque en fer. Ces recommandations sauront soutenir les futures activit\u00e9s li\u00e9es aux fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s dans le suivi du projet du NABU.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Le programme des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s figure parmi des nombreux programmes de diffusion de fours dans le monde entier. En Ethiopie, ils m\u00eame nombreux, bien que le projet du NABU soit l&rsquo;un des plus importants. Le four Mirt a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u sp\u00e9cifiquement pour les modes de cuisine en Ethiopie et en Erythr\u00e9e, ce qui limite sa reproductibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur de la r\u00e9gion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\">Martin Herold est associ\u00e9 principal du CIFOR. Nils Horstmeyer est stagiaire au programme allemand du Naturschutzbund (NABU) en Afrique. Elisabeth Dresen est expert en foresterie et en g\u00e9oinformation au SILVANUM en Allemagne.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude, un dispositif simple pourrait soulager les for\u00eats \u00e9thiopiennes. Il rend la cuisson plus efficace tout en r\u00e9duisant les \u00e9missions de carbone. Les fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s (en anglais Improved Cooking Stoves, ICS) ont une longue histoire dans les projets de d\u00e9veloppement et de conservation de la nature, car ils permettent de r\u00e9duire la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":159,"featured_media":25175,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[322],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1748,1749,1750],"class_list":["post-25582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","tag-africa","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s pour cuisiner: soulagement des for\u00eats \u00e9thiopiennes et du climat - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/25582\/des-fours-ameliores-pour-cuisiner-soulagement-des-forets-ethiopiennes-et-du-climat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Des fours am\u00e9lior\u00e9s pour cuisiner: soulagement des for\u00eats \u00e9thiopiennes et du climat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude, un dispositif simple pourrait soulager les for\u00eats \u00e9thiopiennes. Il rend la cuisson plus efficace tout en r\u00e9duisant les \u00e9missions de carbone. 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