{"id":2485,"date":"2011-04-13T01:09:01","date_gmt":"2011-04-13T01:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=2485"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:22:11","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:22:11","slug":"lequation-de-9-milliards-de-personnes-securite-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-biodiversite-est-importante","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2485\/lequation-de-9-milliards-de-personnes-securite-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-biodiversite-est-importante","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019\u00e9quation de 9 milliards de personnes: S\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire &#038; pourquoi la biodiversit\u00e9 est importante"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2412\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2412\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2412\" title=\"12 plant crops and 14 animal species today provide 98% of world\u2019s food needs  with wheat, rice and maize alone accounting for more than 50% of the global energy intake.\" src=\"\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/04\/food-security-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">12 cultures et 14 esp\u00e8ces animales procurent aujourd\u2019hui 98% des besoins alimentaires mondiaux, parmi lesquels le riz et le ma\u00efs seuls comptent plus de 50% de la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique globale. Photo Courtoisie de Peter Blanchard\/flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (12 Avril, 2011) La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire est devenue un des enjeux les plus importants de notre temps. En f\u00e9vrier, <em>The Economist <\/em>a publi\u00e9 un rapport sp\u00e9cial sur le \u00ab future de l\u2019alimentation \u00bb intitul\u00e9 \u201c L\u2019\u00e9quation de 9 milliards de personnes\u2019\u2019 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/multimedia\/2011\/02\/special_report_food\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">The 9 billion-people question<\/a>). Le rapport soutient que plus d\u2019aliments peuvent pousser sur les terres actuelles \u00e0 travers une intensification plus accrue et des appels \u00e0 une seconde \u201cR\u00e9volution Verte\u201d \u2013 le d\u00e9veloppement de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de cultures \u00e0 grand rendement et l\u2019\u00e9levage intensif \u00e0 grande r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse et aux maladies. Le rapport affirme aussi que la hausse des prix des produits r\u00e9duit les pertes.<\/p>\n<p>Le rapport pr\u00e9sente de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9taill\u00e9e la complexit\u00e9 des questions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et propose des arguments irr\u00e9futables en guise de solutions pour y parvenir, incluant l\u2019accroissement des financements au <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cgiar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Groupe Consultatif de Recherche Agricole Internationale<\/a> (GCRAI), qui a conduit la premi\u00e8re R\u00e9volution Verte. Toutefois, il passe \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019une question: il omet de reconnaitre l\u2019importance de la biodiversit\u00e9 dans l\u2019agriculture durable.<\/p>\n<p>Les politiques et sujets li\u00e9s \u00e0 la biodiversit\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9s  comme mutuellement exclusifs avec peu de consid\u00e9ration pour leur nette interd\u00e9pendance. Le mod\u00e8le contemporain de production de monoculture agricole a conduit \u00e0 la perte d\u00e9vastatrice de la biodiversit\u00e9 et un grand nombre de services environnementaux du fait de la conversion des terres. L\u2019agriculture industrielle, \u00e0 base p\u00e9trochimique, contribue elle aussi de mani\u00e8re significative aux \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre.<\/p>\n<p>En d\u00e9pit d\u2019avanc\u00e9es consid\u00e9rables ces 40 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, l\u2019agriculture moderne n\u2019est pas parvenue \u00e0 assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire mondiale, du moins de fa\u00e7on \u00e9quitable. Plus d\u2019un milliard de personnes se couchent affam\u00e9es chaque nuit et plus de 800 millions autres souffrent de d\u00e9ficiences nutritionnelles pouvant conduire \u00e0 long terme \u00e0 des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur leur sant\u00e9, et en fin de compte affectent leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 se nourrir eux-m\u00eames.<\/p>\n<p>Alors, quel peut \u00eatre le lien entre biodiversit\u00e9 et agriculture ? La biodiversit\u00e9 soutient la majorit\u00e9 de l\u2019agriculture moderne, et contribue aux moyens d\u2019existence de plusieurs millions de personnes qui d\u00e9pendent de la cueillette des ressources naturelles. La biodiversit\u00e9 procure aussi le \u201ccapital naturel\u201d pour les services environnementaux, tels que la maintenance des services des bassins versants, la fertilit\u00e9 des sols,  la pollinisation, la dispersion des semences, le cycle des \u00e9l\u00e9ments, le contr\u00f4le naturel des nuisances et des maladies etc. ; processus qui sont importants pour la maintenance des syst\u00e8mes agricoles.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que plusieurs milliers d\u2019esp\u00e8ces aient contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la nutrition humaine, aujourd\u2019hui, 12  cultures et 14 esp\u00e8ces animales assurent 98% des besoins alimentaires mondiaux, avec le riz et le ma\u00efs comptant plus de 50% de la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique globale. La tendance mondiale vers la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation di\u00e9t\u00e9tique a conduit \u00e0 des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, la balance nutritionnelle et la sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Plusieurs \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes fournissent une plus grande r\u00e9silience aux effets des d\u00e9fis environnementaux et sont capables de r\u00e9duire la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des moyens d\u2019existence ruraux. Alors que les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la biodiversit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s dans l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019agriculture d\u00e9clinent, l\u2019Agriculture devient moins capable de s\u2019adapter aux d\u00e9fis environnementaux, tells que le changement climatique.<\/p>\n<p>Les syst\u00e8mes de production traditionnelle de monoculture sont particuli\u00e8rement vuln\u00e9rables aux \u00e9v\u00e9nements climatiques extr\u00eames, et les inondations et s\u00e9cheresses r\u00e9centes dans les r\u00e9gions de productivit\u00e9 agricole ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9es comme les principales causes des prix des produits alimentaires record en d\u00e9but 2011. L\u2019impact des temp\u00e9ratures croissantes et  les \u00e9v\u00e9nements climatiques plus extr\u00eames vont probablement toucher les pauvres, sp\u00e9cifiquement les paysans ruraux, et la Banque Mondiale estime que 44 millions de personnes de plus ont r\u00e9gress\u00e9 dans la pauvret\u00e9 depuis juin 2010.<\/p>\n<p>Maintenant que le monde devient progressivement urbanis\u00e9, ces probl\u00e8mes sont plus exacerb\u00e9s. La population urbaine est particuli\u00e8rement vuln\u00e9rable aux flamb\u00e9es des prix. Les manifestations au Cameroun et Haiti en 2008 et les r\u00e9cents changements de r\u00e9gime en Tunisie et Egypte ont \u00e9t\u00e9 directement li\u00e9s \u00e0 la flamb\u00e9e des prix des produits alimentaires de base. Pour cette raison, le mod\u00e8le inflationniste (high-price demand model) soutenu par <em>The Economist<\/em> pourrait avoir des impacts significatifs sur ceux qui ont besoin d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des offres de co\u00fbts alimentaires raisonnables: les pauvres.<\/p>\n<p>Un nombre croissant de chercheurs sugg\u00e8rent que l\u2019int\u00e9gration de la biodiversit\u00e9 dans l\u2019agriculture (\u201c\u00e9co-agriculture\u201d or \u201cagro-\u00e9cologie\u201d) peut am\u00e9liorer les r\u00e9coltes, maintenir les services essentiels d\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et r\u00e9aliser une plus efficiente et \u00e9quitable s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, particuli\u00e8rement face \u00e0 des conditions climatiques incertaines. Dans de r\u00e9centes publications, la Banque Mondiale, les Nations Unies, le Bureau des Sciences du Gouvernement britannique, associ\u00e9s \u00e0 plusieurs dans la communaut\u00e9 acad\u00e9mique, proposent que le d\u00e9fi de nourrir une population mondiale projet\u00e9e \u00e0 9 milliards en 2050 peut \u00eatre r\u00e9aliser \u00e0 travers plus de syst\u00e8mes de production diverses que promeut l\u2019agriculture durable.<\/p>\n<p>La rapide int\u00e9gration de la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9 et l\u2019agriculture pour r\u00e9aliser la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire est un d\u00e9fi mondial qui va en fin de compte nous affecter tous. Le v\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e9cologiste Hugh Possingham a r\u00e9cemment pos\u00e9 la question \u201cpouvons nous avoir notre biodiversit\u00e9 et la consommer aussi?\u201d L\u2019\u00e9vidence sugg\u00e8re que nous le pouvons.<\/p>\n<p>#######################<\/p>\n<p>Pour plus d\u2019information sur ce sujet et la recherch\u00e9 r\u00e9cente du CIFOR li\u00e9es au sujet, voir <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/our-research\/research-themes\/conservation-and-development-trade-offs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">ici<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (12 Avril, 2011) La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire est devenue un des enjeux les plus importants de notre temps. En f\u00e9vrier, The Economist a publi\u00e9 un rapport sp\u00e9cial sur le \u00ab future de l\u2019alimentation \u00bb intitul\u00e9 \u201c L\u2019\u00e9quation de 9 milliards de personnes\u2019\u2019 (The 9 billion-people question). Le rapport soutient que plus d\u2019aliments peuvent pousser [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[188,184],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-2485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-food-and-diets","category-value-chains-finance","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019\u00e9quation de 9 milliards de personnes: S\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire &amp; pourquoi la biodiversit\u00e9 est importante - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2485\/lequation-de-9-milliards-de-personnes-securite-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-biodiversite-est-importante\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9quation de 9 milliards de personnes: S\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire &amp; pourquoi la biodiversit\u00e9 est importante\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (12 Avril, 2011) La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire est devenue un des enjeux les plus importants de notre temps. 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Le rapport soutient que plus d\u2019aliments peuvent pousser [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2485\/lequation-de-9-milliards-de-personnes-securite-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-biodiversite-est-importante\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-04-13T01:09:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-07-07T04:22:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Terry Sunderland\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TCHSunderland\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/2485\\\/lequation-de-9-milliards-de-personnes-securite-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-biodiversite-est-importante#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/2485\\\/lequation-de-9-milliards-de-personnes-securite-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-biodiversite-est-importante\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Terry Sunderland\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/19f9fac49c9f6390f787c3f02a53110d\"},\"headline\":\"L\u2019\u00e9quation de 9 milliards de personnes: S\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire &#038; 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