{"id":2465,"date":"2011-04-11T11:04:19","date_gmt":"2011-04-11T11:04:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=2465"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:50:37","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:50:37","slug":"cameroun-une-richesse-forestiere-ignoree-le-partage-du-butin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2465\/cameroun-une-richesse-forestiere-ignoree-le-partage-du-butin","title":{"rendered":"Cameroun : une richesse foresti\u00e8re ignor\u00e9e (Le partage du butin)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
Le sciage \u00e0 la tron\u00e7onneuse est une op\u00e9ration exigeant des comp\u00e9tences, et souvent dangereuse. Photo de Jean Pamphile Ondoua.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

YAOUNDE, Cameroun (11 avril, 2011)_Assistant au CIFOR, Edouard Essiane doit donner de la voix pour se faire entendre dans les bruits des tron\u00e7onneuses.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00ab Vous pouvez constater \u00e0 quel point il s\u2019agit d\u2019un m\u00e9tier dangereux, maintenant qu\u2019on se trouve dans la for\u00eat \u00bb, s\u2019\u00e9crie-t-il. \u00ab Le risque de blessure est important, et nous entendons souvent parler de personnes gravement bless\u00e9es ou tu\u00e9es, soit par leur tron\u00e7onneuse, soit par des chutes d\u2019arbre. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u00ab La plupart des tron\u00e7onneurs deviendront sourds avant l\u2019\u00e2ge de 40 ans. \u00bb ajoute-t-il<\/p>\n

La pluie ruisselant dans son dos, un jeune homme du village de Dj\u00e9miong, dans la r\u00e9gion de l\u2019Est, d\u00e9coupe avec habilit\u00e9 des planches dans un tronc de sapelli abattu la veille. Il faudra deux jours \u00e0 lui et son assistant pour transformer l\u2019arbre en une centaine de planches de 2 m\u00e8tres de long sur 40 cm de large. Des porteurs recrut\u00e9s dans le village voisin se chargeront ensuite de les acheminer jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la route. Le scieur est v\u00eatu d\u2019un tee-shirt, d\u2019un jean et de tongs, sans aucune protection. Sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9 personnelle semble en effet le cadet de ses soucis.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Notre grand probl\u00e8me est toujours le m\u00eame : les fonctionnaires du MINFOF \u00bb, explique-t-il. \u00ab Parfois ils nous forcent \u00e0 c\u00e9der certaines planches. Parfois, ils demandent des paiements en cash. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Combien ?<\/p>\n

\u00ab Il faut n\u00e9gocier. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Cette phrase, vous l\u2019entendez partout, dans les for\u00eats, aux barrages routiers, sur les march\u00e9s. Souvent, les responsables forestiers commencent par demander 100-200 CFA (0,15-0,30 euro) par planche, mais le scieur tentera de faire baisser ce prix. S\u2019il y parvient, le camion charg\u00e9 de sapelli rapportera 40 000 CFA aux fonctionnaires (60 euros). Quand on sait que leur salaire mensuel moyen est d\u2019environ 100 000 CFA (150 euros), on voit bien qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une activit\u00e9 rentable pour eux. Une fois l\u2019affaire conclue, ils apposent souvent un tampon du MINFOF sur les planches, prouvant leur \u00ab l\u00e9galit\u00e9 \u00bb. En th\u00e9orie, cela signifie que le bois peut \u00eatre distribu\u00e9 sans que le scieur ait besoin de verser d\u2019autres pots-de-vin. Mais si un responsable sup\u00e9rieur visite le site, il faudra payer.<\/p>\n

Plus des deux tiers des scieurs interrog\u00e9s par Essiane et ses coll\u00e8gues ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que leur plus gros probl\u00e8me \u00e9tait le harc\u00e8lement par les fonctionnaires. Seuls 19 % ont cit\u00e9 des conditions de travail dangereuses, et \u00e0 peine 10 % la difficult\u00e9 d\u2019obtenir un permis l\u00e9gal. Les 90 % restants n\u2019ont m\u00eame jamais pris la peine de faire une demande de titre l\u00e9gal. Pourtant, lorsqu\u2019on leur parle, il devient rapidement clair qu\u2019ils sont tr\u00e8s contrari\u00e9s d\u2019avoir \u00e0 travailler dans l\u2019ill\u00e9galit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 40 minutes de Dj\u00e9miong, une route poussi\u00e9reuse vous emm\u00e8ne \u00e0 Mbang, une ville plus importante situ\u00e9e au milieu d\u2019une concession de 300 000 hectares g\u00e9r\u00e9e par la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 foresti\u00e8re industrielle de la Doum\u00e9 (SFID), une entreprise \u00e0 capitaux fran\u00e7ais. Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, la SFID a autoris\u00e9 les scieurs locaux \u00e0 ramasser et traiter l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 du bois qu\u2019elle avait abandonn\u00e9 dans sa concession. Mais le MINFOF a fait savoir \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise que c\u2019\u00e9tait ill\u00e9gal et la pratique fut donc interdite, suscitant la col\u00e8re des petits exploitants de l\u2019association Les Verts.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Mathieu Mbemouka, pr\u00e9sident des Verts, une association de scieurs bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Mbang. Les Verts pr\u00e9f\u00e9reraient payer une taxe au gouvernement que des pots-de-vin aux fonctionnaires pour avoir le droit de r\u00e9colter du bois.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c0 pr\u00e9sent, la seule mani\u00e8re d\u2019obtenir du bois est de le n\u00e9gocier avec les propri\u00e9taires coutumiers.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous obtenons un ordre de l\u2019un de nos patrons en ville, trouvons un arbre ad\u00e9quat, faisons une offre au propri\u00e9taire puis appelons le responsable local du MINFOF \u00bb, explique Mathieu Mbemouka, pr\u00e9sident de Les Verts. Le repr\u00e9sentant d\u00e9livre aux exploitants un document attestant de leur droit d\u2019usage pour abattre l\u2019arbre. Ce permis n\u2019autorise pas l\u2019usage commercial, mais tout le monde, ainsi que le chef de poste du MINFOF, sait que le bois sera vendu. Les exploitants lui versent une commission en cash (apr\u00e8s n\u00e9gociation, bien s\u00fbr) et le travail commence.<\/p>\n

Mais le harc\u00e8lement ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas l\u00e0.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Une fois que le bois a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9colt\u00e9, nous devons le mettre sur le march\u00e9 \u00bb, explique Gustave Bengono, un scieur de Mbang. \u00ab Chaque ann\u00e9e, les barrages routiers semblent de plus en plus nombreux et le co\u00fbt est support\u00e9 par les producteurs de la mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re \u2013 c\u2019est \u00e0-dire nous. Cela signifie que nos revenus sont de plus en plus bas. \u00bb<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude du CIFOR sugg\u00e8re que les paiements vers\u00e9s en route ne varient pas en fonction du lieu, mais plut\u00f4t en fonction de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 qui les exige, les fonctionnaires du MINFOF demandant environ 25 000 CFA (38 euros) par camion.<\/p>\n

L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de l\u2019abattage \u00e0 la tron\u00e7onneuse pour l\u2019\u00e9conomie rurale est clair. Chaque \u00e9quipe se compose de quatre \u00e0 cinq personnes : le scieur, son assistant et deux ou trois porteurs. Les \u00e9tudes du CIFOR indiquent qu\u2019environ 45 000 personnes habitant en zone rurale tirent directement parti de cette activit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Environ la moiti\u00e9 du co\u00fbt de cette activit\u00e9 (soit 32 000 CFA, ou 50 euros, pour chaque m\u00e8tre cube de sciage) est consacr\u00e9e au paiement des salaires locaux \u00bb, indique Lescuyer.<\/p>\n

Et puis, naturellement, il y a les \u00ab paiements informels \u00bb, qui repr\u00e9sentent environ 9 % des co\u00fbts d\u2019exploitation, selon le CIFOR. Cela inclut les versements aux fonctionnaires du MINFOF et \u00e0 d\u2019autres organismes gouvernementaux, ainsi que les paiements exig\u00e9s par les administrations locales. Par exemple, dans la commune d\u2019Akoeman, au sud de Yaound\u00e9, les scieurs versent \u00e0 la mairie une taxe informelle de 40 000 CFA (60 euros) par arbre abattu et une taxe annuelle de 100 000 CFA (150 euros) par tron\u00e7onneuse. \u00c0 certains moments, il peut y avoir jusqu\u2019\u00e0 150 tron\u00e7onneuses en activit\u00e9 dans la commune. Ces paiements sont tr\u00e8s mal v\u00e9cus par les scieurs \u2013 payer des taxes ne l\u00e9galise pas pour autant leur activit\u00e9 \u2013, mais ils repr\u00e9sentent pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 des recettes de la municipalit\u00e9. L\u2019exploitation ill\u00e9gale contribue donc \u00e0 financer les services publics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

YAOUNDE, Cameroun (11 avril, 2011)_Assistant au CIFOR, Edouard Essiane doit donner de la voix pour se faire entendre dans les bruits des tron\u00e7onneuses.   \u00ab Vous pouvez constater \u00e0 quel point il s\u2019agit d\u2019un m\u00e9tier dangereux, maintenant qu\u2019on se trouve dans la for\u00eat \u00bb, s\u2019\u00e9crie-t-il. \u00ab Le risque de blessure est important, et nous entendons […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-2465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCameroun : une richesse foresti\u00e8re ignor\u00e9e (Le partage du butin) - 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