{"id":24532,"date":"2014-09-29T21:44:26","date_gmt":"2014-09-29T14:44:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=24532"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:32:08","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:32:08","slug":"pendant-le-debat-sur-les-instruments-de-marche-la-deforestation-continue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24532\/pendant-le-debat-sur-les-instruments-de-marche-la-deforestation-continue","title":{"rendered":"Pendant le d\u00e9bat sur les instruments de march\u00e9, la d\u00e9forestation continue"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Awan<\/a>
Nuages rouges au-dessus de la partie orientale de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e. Est-ce que le soleil qui se couche sur la REDD+ et d’autres programmes bas\u00e9s sur le march\u00e9 feront chuter la d\u00e9forestation? Photo: avec l’aimable autorisation de Michael Johnson.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, des \u00ab carbon cow-boys \u00bb d\u00e9barquaient au milieu des for\u00eats de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e. Ils annon\u00e7aient aux Papous m\u00e9dus\u00e9s que les pays riches allaient bient\u00f4t leur payer le carbone stock\u00e9 dans leurs for\u00eats afin de lutter contre le changement climatique. Cet exemple para\u00eet presque sortir d\u2019une autre \u00e9poque \u00e0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 les march\u00e9s du carbone, incarn\u00e9s par le m\u00e9canisme REDD+, sont moribonds.<\/p>\n

Mais en avons-nous tir\u00e9 les bonnes le\u00e7ons ? Saurons-nous analyser avec plus de lucidit\u00e9 les nouveaux instruments de march\u00e9 qui continuent \u00e0 \u00e9merger ? Ces questions br\u00fblantes se posent alors que des millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eats tropicales naturelles disparaissent chaque ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Les march\u00e9s du carbone sont en effet le point culminant d\u2019une r\u00e9flexion r\u00e9cente sur les services environnementaux (ou \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques). Ces derniers recouvrent les divers b\u00e9n\u00e9fices que l\u2019Homme tire de la nature : lutte contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion des sols, r\u00e9gulation hydrologique, maintien de la fertilit\u00e9 des sols ou encore beaut\u00e9 d\u2019un paysage.<\/p>\n

La notion de services environnementaux permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer ces b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de fa\u00e7on mon\u00e9taire afin d\u2019en guider la gestion. Cette approche utilitariste \u2013 au sens \u00e9conomique et non p\u00e9joratif du terme \u2013 d\u00e9bouche logiquement sur une r\u00e9flexion concernant les instruments de march\u00e9 cens\u00e9s mener \u00e0 une gestion durable. En effet, qui dit valeur mon\u00e9taire dit possibilit\u00e9 de faire payer un b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire et ainsi d\u2019inciter \u00e0 la production d\u2019un bien : ici, le service environnemental.<\/p>\n

Cette simple observation explique la fr\u00e9n\u00e9sie des dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es autour des instruments de march\u00e9 pour les services environnementaux. La conservation des for\u00eats tropicales repr\u00e9sente leur champ d\u2019application par excellence.<\/p>\n

Ces instruments sont tr\u00e8s h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes. Ils recouvrent aussi bien les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) bas\u00e9s sur des contrats conditionnels n\u00e9goci\u00e9s entre b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires et fournisseurs d\u2019un service que des programmes de subventions ou de taxation, la certification foresti\u00e8re de type FSC ou encore la promotion des march\u00e9s de produits forestiers non ligneux \u00e0 des fins de conservation.<\/p>\n

La notion de march\u00e9 doit cependant \u00eatre ici prise au sens large, et peu de termes sont employ\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re aussi confuse. On parle ici en effet aussi bien de paiements fixes d\u00e9cid\u00e9s par un gouvernement afin de r\u00e9compenser des pratiques vertueuses que de la mise en place de march\u00e9s sur lesquels s\u2019\u00e9changent librement des marchandises, sans intervention publique significative.<\/p>\n

Il est pourtant crucial d\u2019\u00e9tablir des distinctions entre ces approches dites de march\u00e9, car cela nous renseigne sur les limites de leur mise en pratique. Certaines, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme \u00ab innovantes \u00bb, recyclent simplement des instruments plus classiques de politique publique. Elles ne correspondent pas \u00e0 la vision soi-disant moderne du march\u00e9 vu comme un nouveau rem\u00e8de capable de r\u00e9ussir l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les autres auraient \u00e9chou\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Leur bien-fond\u00e9 moral ou leurs d\u00e9rives \u00e9ventuelles ne sont pas l\u2019objet de mon propos et je consid\u00e8re que les risques sont naturellement limit\u00e9s du fait de leur faible champ d\u2019application. D\u2019ailleurs, qui se plaint de la vente de la production agricole sur les march\u00e9s, alors m\u00eame qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019un service environnemental (un service d\u2019approvisionnement selon la classification de l\u2019\u00c9valuation du Mill\u00e9naire pour les \u00c9cosyst\u00e8mes) ?<\/p>\n

Mon message est plut\u00f4t le suivant : ces d\u00e9bats, ces discours sont la plupart du temps des coups d\u2019\u00e9p\u00e9e dans l\u2019eau et ne r\u00e9sistent pas \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du terrain. Les exp\u00e9rimentations furent en effet soit bancales (march\u00e9s du carbone pour la d\u00e9forestation \u00e9vit\u00e9e) ; soit un simple changement de nom de programmes de subvention traditionnels (PSE embl\u00e9matiques du Costa Rica) ; soit un acharnement d\u2019agences de d\u00e9veloppement et d\u2019ONG de conservation pour mettre en place des projets de PSE au ratio co\u00fbt\/unit\u00e9 conserv\u00e9e exorbitant ; ou encore le fruit des \u00e9lucubrations du secteur priv\u00e9 (banques d\u2019esp\u00e8ces pour conserver la biodiversit\u00e9 embl\u00e9matique aux \u00c9tats-Unis).<\/p>\n

Ainsi le probl\u00e8me ne r\u00e9side pas vraiment au niveau des Cassandre qui veulent nous faire croire que ces exp\u00e9rimentations annoncent la marchandisation de la nature et que des incitations \u00e0 la conservation sonnantes et tr\u00e9buchantes vont effacer les motivations intrins\u00e8ques des populations \u00e0 g\u00e9rer durablement leurs ressources.<\/p>\n

Le probl\u00e8me r\u00e9side en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 dans le temps pr\u00e9cieux que ces d\u00e9bats et exp\u00e9rimentations nous font perdre dans la course contre la d\u00e9forestation tropicale. Ils d\u00e9tournent en effet notre attention des v\u00e9ritables solutions auxquelles il faut nous atteler au plus vite. Celles-ci r\u00e9sident en priorit\u00e9 dans un changement de nature de notre croissance \u00e9conomique. Les march\u00e9s ne sont pas adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la question \u00e9pineuse de la conservation des for\u00eats tropicales. La poursuite acharn\u00e9e de ces d\u00e9bats est au mieux futile, au pire contre-productive.<\/p>\n

Ce sont d\u2019autres march\u00e9s qui nous inciteront \u00e0 changer nos r\u00e9gimes alimentaires, \u00e0 r\u00e9duire notre consommation de papier ou \u00e0 adopter des pratiques agricoles intensives associ\u00e9es \u00e0 des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es afin de limiter l\u2019expansion des zones cultiv\u00e9es. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut, il nous faut revenir \u00e0 une conception plus traditionnelle des instruments adoss\u00e9s aux march\u00e9s pour changer ces comportements : intervenir sur les prix relatifs \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une fiscalit\u00e9 intelligente. Dans le cas de la lutte contre le changement climatique, cela revient \u00e0 basculer des march\u00e9s de cr\u00e9dits de carbone \u2013 jusqu\u2019ici privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s pour des raisons principalement politiques et non pas d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u2013 vers une taxe sur le carbone.<\/p>\n

Pour prot\u00e9ger r\u00e9ellement les for\u00eats tropicales, il faudrait aussi prendre \u00e0 bras-le-corps le probl\u00e8me des immenses subventions n\u00e9fastes \u00e0 l\u2019environnement, que les politiques rechignent \u00e0 voir. C\u2019est tout particuli\u00e8rement le cas des aides \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie, qui non seulement nous incitent \u00e0 d\u00e9truire notre environnement, mais qui en plus repr\u00e9sentent une v\u00e9ritable source potentielle de financement de la lutte contre la d\u00e9forestation.<\/p>\n

Ce POLEX est inspir\u00e9 du livre <\/span>Peut-on sauver les forets tropicales ? Instruments de march\u00e9 et REDD+ versus principe de r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/i><\/span><\/a>, paru aux Presses de Sciences-Po \u00e0 Paris en 2013.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, des \u00ab carbon cow-boys \u00bb d\u00e9barquaient au milieu des for\u00eats de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e. Ils annon\u00e7aient aux Papous m\u00e9dus\u00e9s que les pays riches allaient bient\u00f4t leur payer le carbone stock\u00e9 dans leurs for\u00eats afin de lutter contre le changement climatique. Cet exemple para\u00eet presque sortir d\u2019une autre \u00e9poque \u00e0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 les […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":149,"featured_media":24270,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462],"tags":[1676,98,1427,4375,123],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[1649],"class_list":["post-24532","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","tag-deforestaion","tag-markets","tag-payments-for-ecosystem-services","tag-pes","tag-redd","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPendant le d\u00e9bat sur les instruments de march\u00e9, la d\u00e9forestation continue - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24532\/pendant-le-debat-sur-les-instruments-de-marche-la-deforestation-continue\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pendant le d\u00e9bat sur les instruments de march\u00e9, la d\u00e9forestation continue\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, des \u00ab carbon cow-boys \u00bb d\u00e9barquaient au milieu des for\u00eats de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e. 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