{"id":24387,"date":"2014-09-23T21:31:44","date_gmt":"2014-09-23T14:31:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=24387"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:32:09","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:32:09","slug":"la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat","title":{"rendered":"Une tribune du New York Time se trompe au sujet du r\u00f4le des for\u00eats pour le climat"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"<\/a>
Les for\u00eats de Gede Pangrango, Java Occidental, Indon\u00e9sie. Un commentaire r\u00e9cent sur le r\u00f4le des for\u00eats dans le changement climatique ne tient pas la route face \u00e0 l’examen scientifique, \u00e9crit un expert du CIFOR. Photo: Ricky Martin\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La semaine derni\u00e8re, Nadine Unger, professeur-assistant \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Yale a publi\u00e9 <\/span>une tribune<\/a> dans le New York Times affirmant que planter des arbres ne sauverait pas la plan\u00e8te. Cette tribune comporte des erreurs \u00e0 tellement de niveaux qu’il est difficile de toutes les citer. Il existe de nombreuses raisons de prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats et de planter des arbres \u2013 prot\u00e9ger les r\u00e9serves en eau, faire reculer la perte de biodiversit\u00e9, assurer que nous avons des pollinisateurs pour nos cultures, et s\u00e9questrer le carbone pour r\u00e9duire le changement climatique induit par l’homme.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Il existe de nombreuses raisons de prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats; la r\u00e9duction du changement climatique n’est que l’une d’entre elles.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

L’article commence par discuter le m\u00e9canisme <\/span>REDD+<\/a> (<\/span>R\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions li\u00e9es au d\u00e9boisement et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eat<\/a>s), qui vise \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation tropicale et augmenter le volume de carbone supprim\u00e9 dans l’atmosph\u00e8re en faisant repousser des for\u00eats tropicales. Unger dit que \u00e7a ne marchera pas, en pointant le vieil argument des effets compensatoires de la lib\u00e9ration de carbone et l’augmentation de la r\u00e9flexion d’\u00e9nergie lorsqu’on enl\u00e8ve des for\u00eats \u2013 l’effet alb\u00e9do. L’argument se base sur le fait que les for\u00eats sont sombres (regardez une photo a\u00e9rienne ou une image de Google Earth) et absorbent de l’\u00e9nergie solaire, alors que les champs agricoles et les p\u00e2turages sont plus clairs et refl\u00e8tent l’\u00e9nergie solaire. C’est la raison pour laquelle les voitures noires gar\u00e9es au soleil avec les fen\u00eatres closes chauffent plus que les blanches. Donc: les for\u00eats absorbent de l’\u00e9nergie et r\u00e9chauffent la basse atmosph\u00e8re. En 2007, une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e par G. Bala<\/a> (et d’autres) publi\u00e9e dans <\/span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences d\u00e9montrait<\/span> clairement que la d\u00e9forestation mondiale m\u00e8nerait \u00e0 un refroidissement. L’effet alb\u00e9do surpasserait l’effet carbone dans la balance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, et la Terre se refroidirait une fois les for\u00eats supprim\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais, et c’est un \u00abmais\u00bb important dans cette discussion, quand les auteurs ont regard\u00e9 comment le carbone et les effets alb\u00e9do fonctionnent selon les diff\u00e9rentes latitudes, ils ont conclu que l’effet alb\u00e9do l’emportait sur l’effet carbone sous de hautes latitudes (Nord temp\u00e9r\u00e9 et for\u00eats bor\u00e9ales) et que l’effet carbone l’emportait dans les basses latitudes (les tropiques). Stopper la d\u00e9forestation tropicale et accro\u00eetre la plantation d’arbres dans les pays REDD+, o\u00f9 l’effet alb\u00e9do est moins important que l’effet carbone est donc logique du point de vue de la balance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. C’est pourquoi l’effort international se concentre sur l’arr\u00eat de la d\u00e9forestation tropicale et la r\u00e9habilitation des for\u00eats tropicales d\u00e9grad\u00e9es. Le m\u00e9canisme REDD+ n’est pas propos\u00e9 dans les pays du Nord.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

VRAI CARBONE NOIR ET FAUX-FUYANTS<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Plus loin dans l’article, Unger ressort les citations absurdes de Ronald Reagan sur les arbres polluants et l’importance des compos\u00e9s organiques volatiles (COV) dans la formation de l’ozone troposph\u00e9rique et du m\u00e9thane. Elle note que les COV, des composants naturels de l’atmosph\u00e8re, r\u00e9agissent avec d’autres polluants anthropiques (les oxydes d’azote en particulier) pour former ces gaz \u00e0 effet de serre. On pourrait penser que les COV sont des composants naturels de l’atmosph\u00e8re et que la faute incombe davantage aux polluants nouvellement introduits.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pas selon Unger. La chimie atmosph\u00e9rique est un processus plein de non-lin\u00e9arit\u00e9s – les scientifiques s’en sont rendu compte depuis des d\u00e9cennies. Quand les oxydes d’azote (\u00e9galement composants naturels de l’atmosph\u00e8re) sont pr\u00e9sents en faible concentration, les r\u00e9actions avec les COV naturels d\u00e9truisent l’ozone et le m\u00e9thane, donc naturellement ces COV aident \u00e0 garder l’atmosph\u00e8re propre. Cependant, quand les oxydes d’azote sont pr\u00e9sents en forte concentration, \u00e0 cause de la pollution cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l’homme, les COV r\u00e9agissent avec ces polluants et produisent plus d’ozone et de m\u00e9thane. Donc le probl\u00e8me n’est pas que les for\u00eats polluent. Le probl\u00e8me, c’est la combinaison de probl\u00e8mes non intentionnels associ\u00e9s avec la pollution humaine. Bien s\u00fbr, la recherche montre que plut\u00f4t que d’essayer de contr\u00f4ler la pollution de l’ozone en r\u00e9duisant les COV, il serait plus efficace en terme de co\u00fbts de r\u00e9duire la pollution issue d’oxydes d’ozone. Couper les arbres est la mauvaise solution.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Unger oublie aussi compl\u00e8tement la question du carbone noir. Quand on coupe et qu’on br\u00fble les for\u00eats pour pr\u00e9parer le terrain pour l’agriculture, les feux \u00e9mettent du carbone noir dans l’atmosph\u00e8re. Ce carbone noir absorbe la chaleur, comme la voiture noire susmentionn\u00e9e. Quand ces feux br\u00fblent des tourbi\u00e8res, cela cr\u00e9\u00e9 d’autres probl\u00e8mes \u00e9normes, comme la propagation de fum\u00e9e qui empeste r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement Singapour et d’autres villes de l’Asie du Sud-Est.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour finir, Unger prend une \u00e9trange tangente sur l’oxyg\u00e8ne. Aucun scientifique n’a jamais sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 que la d\u00e9forestation pourrait \u00eatre catastrophique, voire un peu probl\u00e9matique pour l’oxyg\u00e8ne dans l’atmosph\u00e8re. Il n’y a aucun probl\u00e8me de ce c\u00f4t\u00e9 l\u00e0, c’est un faux-fuyant.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il existe de nombreuses raisons de prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats; la r\u00e9duction du changement climatique n’est que l’une d’entre elles. On peut s’interroger sur les motivations d’un scientifique qui s’agite la veille d’une conf\u00e9rence internationale importante qui portera une attention particuli\u00e8re aux for\u00eats, en semant le doute dans les discussions. On peut aussi s’interroger sur les motivations du New York Times qui l’a publi\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Note de l’\u00e9diteur: <\/b>que pensez-vous des questions soulev\u00e9es dans cet article? Rejoignez la discussion en ajoutant votre commentaire dans l’espace ci-dessous.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La semaine derni\u00e8re, Nadine Unger, professeur-assistant \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Yale a publi\u00e9 une tribune dans le New York Times affirmant que planter des arbres ne sauverait pas la plan\u00e8te. Cette tribune comporte des erreurs \u00e0 tellement de niveaux qu’il est difficile de toutes les citer. Il existe de nombreuses raisons de prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats et […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":24312,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,151],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[241],"class_list":["post-24387","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-redd-2","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUne tribune du New York Time se trompe au sujet du r\u00f4le des for\u00eats pour le climat - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une tribune du New York Time se trompe au sujet du r\u00f4le des for\u00eats pour le climat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La semaine derni\u00e8re, Nadine Unger, professeur-assistant \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Yale a publi\u00e9 une tribune dans le New York Times affirmant que planter des arbres ne sauverait pas la plan\u00e8te. Cette tribune comporte des erreurs \u00e0 tellement de niveaux qu’il est difficile de toutes les citer. 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Il existe de nombreuses raisons de prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats et […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat","og_site_name":"Landscape Alliance Forests News","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF","article_published_time":"2014-09-23T14:31:44+00:00","article_modified_time":"2015-08-24T08:32:09+00:00","og_image":[{"width":640,"height":426,"url":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Lou-NYT-POLEX.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Louis Verchot","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@CIFOR_ICRAF","twitter_site":"@CIFOR_ICRAF","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat"},"author":{"name":"Louis Verchot","@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr#\/schema\/person\/d0a6bd0ed9cb8565f528ad93ea507706"},"headline":"Une tribune du New York Time se trompe au sujet du r\u00f4le des for\u00eats pour le climat","datePublished":"2014-09-23T14:31:44+00:00","dateModified":"2015-08-24T08:32:09+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat"},"wordCount":1108,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Lou-NYT-POLEX.jpg","articleSection":["Climate change & energy","Deforestation","REDD+"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2014","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat","url":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat","name":"Une tribune du New York Time se trompe au sujet du r\u00f4le des for\u00eats pour le climat - Landscape Alliance Forests News","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Lou-NYT-POLEX.jpg","datePublished":"2014-09-23T14:31:44+00:00","dateModified":"2015-08-24T08:32:09+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24387\/la-tribune-du-new-york-time-se-trompe-au-sujet-du-role-des-forets-pour-le-climat#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Lou-NYT-POLEX.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Lou-NYT-POLEX.jpg","width":640,"height":426,"caption":"Bosques del Parque Nacional Gunung Gede Pangrango, en Java occidental, Indonesia. 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