{"id":24294,"date":"2014-09-19T19:04:48","date_gmt":"2014-09-19T12:04:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=24294"},"modified":"2015-07-06T15:29:17","modified_gmt":"2015-07-06T08:29:17","slug":"une-etude-evalue-limportance-relative-des-revenus-forestiers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24294\/une-etude-evalue-limportance-relative-des-revenus-forestiers","title":{"rendered":"Une \u00e9tude \u00e9value l’importance relative des revenus forestiers"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Asando<\/a>
Cuisson d\u2019aliments au Cameroun. Une nouvelle \u00e9tude met en \u00e9vidence les divers r\u00f4les, actuels ou potentiellement futurs, des produits forestiers non ligneux dans un contexte paysager plus large. Photo: Terry Sunderland\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Viande. Bois de feu. \u00c9pices. Les for\u00eats fournissent tout cela et bien plus encore. Pourtant l\u2019importance de ces produits pour les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural est encore m\u00e9connue.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une \u00e9tude comparative<\/a> sur le r\u00f4le relatif de ces produits forestiers non-ligneux (PFNL) comme moyens de subsistance dans trois pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest r\u00e9affirme les avantages \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer les for\u00eats dans un contexte plus large. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude se penche sur l’importance relative des revenus issus de la for\u00eat d\u2019environ 1000 m\u00e9nages qui ont des acc\u00e8s divers aux march\u00e9s et for\u00eats en milieu rural au Cameroun, au Nigeria et au Ghana. Elle examine \u00e9galement les tendances r\u00e9gionales dans des contextes \u00e9cologique, social et politique plus vastes. Ainsi, les chercheurs ont mis en \u00e9vidence les diff\u00e9rents r\u00f4les que jouent, ou pourraient jouer, les PFNL dans un contexte paysager.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les PFNL apportent une contribution importante aux moyens de subsistance en milieu rural, mais ils demeurent principalement le domaine des pauvres vivant dans des r\u00e9gions recul\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Les for\u00eats, ainsi que les arbres situ\u00e9s dans les exploitations agricoles, fournissent une multitude de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques: des aliments sauvages et des \u00e9pices, des mat\u00e9riaux pour l’artisanat, du bois de feu et des m\u00e9dicaments, ainsi que de l’ombre, des abris et la r\u00e9tention des sols. L\u2019\u00e9tude mondiale, intitul\u00e9e R\u00e9seau Pauvret\u00e9 et Environnement (RPE)<\/a>, a r\u00e9cemment rapport\u00e9 que les revenus li\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et \u00e0 l’environnement g\u00e9n\u00e8rent jusqu’\u00e0 20% des revenus des m\u00e9nages.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes PFNL apportent une contribution importante aux moyens de subsistance en milieu rural, mais ils demeurent principalement le domaine des pauvres vivant dans des r\u00e9gions recul\u00e9es\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Terry Sunderland, scientifique au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR) et co-auteur de l’\u00e9tude<\/a>, publi\u00e9e dans un r\u00e9cent num\u00e9ro de la revue <\/span><\/span><\/span>International Forestry Review<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les activit\u00e9s autour des PFNL sont tout \u00e0 fait adapt\u00e9es pour les m\u00e9nages pauvres puisqu’elles impliquent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement peu de risques et n\u00e9cessitent peu d\u2019investissements financiers ou de comp\u00e9tences particuli\u00e8res. De ce fait, pour les r\u00e9coltants pauvres de PFNL qui ne peuvent souvent pas acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des cr\u00e9dits, les for\u00eats peuvent contribuer d\u2019une part \u00e0 la diversification des moyens de subsistance, et d\u2019autre part au renforcement de la r\u00e9silience des m\u00e9nages. L\u2019auteur principal de l’\u00e9tude, Ruth Malleson, chercheur honoraire au d\u00e9partement d’anthropologie de l’<\/span><\/span><\/span>University College London<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> et consultant \u00e0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Triple Ligne Consulting<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, avait fait valoir auparavant que les PFNL fournissent aux femmes vivant dans des communaut\u00e9s isol\u00e9es du Nigeria et du Cameroun les rares moyens d’accumuler de l’argent pour faire face aux impr\u00e9vus. De m\u00eame, les enfants plus \u00e2g\u00e9s et les femmes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> r\u00e9coltent des PFNL comme la mangue sauvage pendant des vacances scolaires de la saison des pluies pour gagner de l’argent afin de payer les frais de scolarit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes PFNL sont tr\u00e8s utiles pendant la saison des pluies ou les p\u00e9riodes de p\u00e9nurie agricole avant et apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9colte\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Sunderland. \u00abLes for\u00eats constituent un filet de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/a> en assurant la nutrition et l’alimentation, et en prot\u00e9geant les personnes contre les impacts caus\u00e9s par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux et climatiques.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans les trois pays, les chercheurs ont constat\u00e9 que les m\u00e9nages de migrants sont souvent les plus pauvres. Dans les zones frontali\u00e8res du Ghana, ainsi que les zones frontali\u00e8res et routi\u00e8res plus accessibles du Cameroun et du Nigeria, les m\u00e9nages plus ais\u00e9s plantent des cultures commerciales p\u00e9rennes telles que le cacao, le palmier \u00e0 huile, la banane plantain et la banane. Les agriculteurs plus pauvres, principalement migrants, tirent la plupart de leurs revenus de cultures \u00e0 rotation courte et annuelles, telles que le manioc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les migrants vivant au Cameroun et au Nigeria ne sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 planter des cultures p\u00e9rennes de rente sur leur terre lou\u00e9e. Au Ghana, les migrants tendent \u00e0 avoir des contrats de location relativement stables \u00e0 long terme. Les chercheurs notent que les m\u00e9nages de migrants relativement pauvres, vivant dans des hameaux isol\u00e9s au Ghana, d\u00e9pendent des revenus g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par des PFNL, en attendant que les plantations de cacao nouvellement \u00e9tablies deviennent plus productives.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les m\u00e9nages plus pauvres, en particulier ceux dirig\u00e9s par des femmes, doivent faire bon usage de leur temps, car ils disposent de moins de main d\u2019\u0153uvre. Le manioc est particuli\u00e8rement attrayant parce qu\u2019il n\u00e9cessite relativement peu de travail, il peut \u00eatre plant\u00e9 pendant toute la saison des pluies et r\u00e9colt\u00e9 sur une p\u00e9riode de deux ans<\/a>. Cependant, les cultures annuelles ont un impact plus important sur l’environnement. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes agriculteurs migrants, qui ne peuvent que louer des terres, ont tendance \u00e0 planter du manioc ou des cultures annuelles g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un retour rapide. Ceci favorise toutefois la d\u00e9forestation, puisque la plupart de ces cultures sont exigeantes en lumi\u00e8re et n\u00e9cessitent des espaces sans arbres pour cro\u00eetre\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Sunderland.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs soutiennent que les revenus g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par les PFNL pourraient jouer, dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir, un r\u00f4le encore plus important pour les m\u00e9nages ruraux isol\u00e9s de l\u2019Afrique de l’Ouest et Centrale. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe r\u00f4le des PFNL en tant que filet de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sera encore plus important\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Sunderland. \u00abCeci n\u2019est pas seulement d\u00fb au changement climatique, mais \u00e9galement aux chocs \u00e9conomiques. Les agriculteurs qui d\u00e9pensent tout leur argent dans des cultures de rente, telles que le cacao, sont extr\u00eamement vuln\u00e9rables face aux variations du march\u00e9, qui sont en dehors de leur contr\u00f4le.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En citant l\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9cente du CIFOR portant sur le lien entre la qualit\u00e9 alimentaire et le couvert arbor\u00e9 en Afrique<\/a>, M. Sunderland sugg\u00e8re \u00e9galement que les aliments forestiers contribuent de mani\u00e8re significative \u00e0 la diversit\u00e9 alimentaire et nutritionnelle des m\u00e9nages pauvres.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl est int\u00e9ressant d’observer que les familles relativement pauvres ont des r\u00e9gimes alimentaires assez bons, en raison de la disponibilit\u00e9 de produits divers \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des for\u00eats et des arbres\u00bb, dit-il. Les familles plus riches, vivant loin de la for\u00eat, peuvent avoir des r\u00e9gimes alimentaires moins riches, elles disposent n\u00e9anmoins de moyens pour acheter d’autres produits. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes PFNL doivent \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s dans un contexte plus large\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Sunderland. Selon lui, les approches paysag\u00e8res int\u00e9gr\u00e9es au niveau r\u00e9gional vont bien au-del\u00e0 de la gestion des conflits concernant les ressources et du soutien \u00e0 la durabilit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les enjeux abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Terry Sunderland sur t.sunderland@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Le travail de terrain pour cette \u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 financ\u00e9 par l’ancien Programme de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re du Minist\u00e8re Britannique du D\u00e9veloppement International (DFID). Cette recherche fait \u00e9galement partie du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l’Agroforesterie<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Viande. Bois de feu. \u00c9pices. Les for\u00eats fournissent tout cela et bien plus encore. Pourtant l\u2019importance de ces produits pour les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural est encore m\u00e9connue. Une \u00e9tude comparative sur le r\u00f4le relatif de ces produits forestiers non-ligneux (PFNL) comme moyens de subsistance dans trois pays d’Afrique de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":107,"featured_media":23825,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[95],"tags":[1650,80,4373,1595,381,673],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1141],"class_list":["post-24294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-wellbeing","tag-ameroon","tag-ghana","tag-livelihoods","tag-nigeria","tag-non-timber-forest-products","tag-ntfp","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUne \u00e9tude \u00e9value l'importance relative des revenus forestiers - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/24294\/une-etude-evalue-limportance-relative-des-revenus-forestiers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une \u00e9tude \u00e9value l'importance relative des revenus forestiers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Viande. Bois de feu. \u00c9pices. Les for\u00eats fournissent tout cela et bien plus encore. Pourtant l\u2019importance de ces produits pour les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural est encore m\u00e9connue. 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