{"id":23991,"date":"2014-09-05T06:00:08","date_gmt":"2014-09-04T23:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23991"},"modified":"2018-02-07T11:03:36","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T04:03:36","slug":"presence-chinoise-en-afrique-sonnette-dalarme-pour-les-gestionnaires-de-ressources-naturelles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23991\/presence-chinoise-en-afrique-sonnette-dalarme-pour-les-gestionnaires-de-ressources-naturelles","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00e9sence chinoise en Afrique: sonnette d’alarme pour les gestionnaires de ressources naturelles"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"The<\/a>
La savane bois\u00e9e de Miombo au nord de la Zambie. Les effets indirects de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re sont la principale cause de la perte foresti\u00e8re en Zambie. Photo: Jeff Walker\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 La r\u00e9cente flamb\u00e9e des investissements chinois en Afrique a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les d\u00e9cideurs politiques locaux de renforcer la r\u00e9glementation et la capacit\u00e9 administrative pour g\u00e9rer leurs for\u00eats et leurs autres ressources naturelles de mani\u00e8re durable, selon les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en Zambie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>, men\u00e9e par des scientifiques du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR), visait \u00e0 \u00e9valuer les cons\u00e9quences du r\u00f4le \u00e9conomique et politique de plus en plus important de la Chine sur le d\u00e9veloppement en Zambie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’exploitation mini\u00e8re est un facteur cl\u00e9 de la d\u00e9forestation, et celle-ci est appuy\u00e9e par les investissements chinois.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Le pays d’Afrique australe s’est av\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00eatre un lieu adapt\u00e9 pour une telle \u00e9tude, gr\u00e2ce ses relations anciennes et riches avec P\u00e9kin \u2013 allant de l\u2019ach\u00e8vement du chemin de fer long de 1 860 kilom\u00e8tres entre la Tanzanie et la Zambie en 1975 (jadis le plus grand projet de construction de la Chine en Afrique), \u00e0 l’\u00e9lection en 2011 du pr\u00e9sident Michael Sata qui s’est oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 des conditions consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme \u00e9tant trop favorables aux entreprises chinoises op\u00e9rant en Zambie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abAu fil des ann\u00e9es, j’ai observ\u00e9 la progression des Chinois, \u00e0 commercer par l\u2019achat de quelques b\u00fbches de bois pour finir avec des op\u00e9rations \u00e0 plus grande \u00e9chelle\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Davison Gumbo, chercheur du CIFOR bas\u00e9 en Zambie et co-auteur de l’\u00e9tude. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au cours des 15 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, une grande partie de la participation des entreprises chinoises, institutions financi\u00e8res et organismes d’Etat a mis l’accent sur l’exploitation mini\u00e8re, en ciblant les riches gisements de cuivre et de cobalt en Zambie. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude d\u00e9crit des centaines de millions de dollars d’investissements effectu\u00e9s par une entreprise publique chinoise, appell\u00e9e Non Ferrous Company Africa (NFCA), dans des concessions mini\u00e8res zambiennes, des fonderies de cuivre et le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019infrastructures.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En plus de donner un aper\u00e7u du comportement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale des investissements et de la gouvernance dans le secteur des ressources naturelles, M.Gumbo souligne que l\u2019attention port\u00e9e aux min\u00e9raux est \u00e9galement pertinente pour la gestion foresti\u00e8re en soi. Selon lui, \u00abl’exploitation mini\u00e8re est un facteur cl\u00e9 de la d\u00e9forestation, et celle-ci est appuy\u00e9e par les investissements chinois\u00bb. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M.Gumbo explique que, au-del\u00e0 de l’espace directement touch\u00e9 par les mines \u00e0 ciel ouvert et les infrastructures associ\u00e9es, les impacts indirects de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re sur les for\u00eats ont fait d\u2019elle la principale cause de la perte foresti\u00e8re en Zambie. \u00abLes zones mini\u00e8res disposent d\u2019un approvisionnement \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique limit\u00e9 pour un travail \u00e0 faible revenu. Les personnes doivent aller acheter du charbon de bois, ce qui affecte les zones environnantes. Les mineurs cherchent \u00e9galement des petites parcelles de terre pour cultiver du manioc ou du ma\u00efs, et ces champs empi\u00e8tent sur les for\u00eats\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La flamb\u00e9e des investissements chinois dans les ann\u00e9es 2000 a co\u00efncid\u00e9 avec l’introduction d’all\u00e9gements fiscaux pour les investisseurs internationaux, ainsi que des incitations pour le secteur d’exploitation mini\u00e8re, notamment des \u00abaccords de d\u00e9veloppement\u00bb divisant les redevances sur les min\u00e9raux par cinq pour les nouveaux acteurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les scientifiques rappellent que les partis de l’opposition et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 protester contre le fait que le gouvernement n\u2019obtienne pas de revenus suffisants des ressources les plus pr\u00e9cieuses de la Zambie, alors que les investisseurs font des profits record. Ceci a conduit \u00e0 des incidents violents lors des \u00e9lections en 2011.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d’une zone \u00e9conomique sp\u00e9ciale disposant de nouvelles incitations fiscales, en grande partie occup\u00e9e par la NFCA et ses entreprises chinoises associ\u00e9es, \u00abcourt le risque de devenir une sorte d\u2019enclave \u00e9conomique\u00bb ou \u00abun lieu d\u2019accumulation de capital \u00e9tranger (et peut-\u00eatre m\u00eame culturel)\u00bb, \u00e9crivent les chercheurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

LA N\u00c9CESSIT\u00c9 DE METTRE EN APPLICATION LES POLITIQUES<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

En d\u00e9pit de ces risques et de la perception largement r\u00e9pandue en Zambie que les employeurs chinois appliqueraient des conditions de travail plus s\u00e9v\u00e8res que les autres, les chercheurs du CIFOR ont trouv\u00e9 \u00abpeu de preuves concr\u00e8tes pour appuyer les d\u00e9clarations affirmant que les entreprises chinoises seraient plus n\u00e9gligentes des droits, de la sant\u00e9 et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du travail que les autres entreprises.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires de ce rapport d’orientation ne donnent aucune raison de penser que ces investissements seraient susceptibles d’\u00eatre plus ou moins durables que les investissements provenant d’autres pays\u00bb, concluent-ils. Ils notent que l’acc\u00e8s facilit\u00e9 au capital avait aid\u00e9 les entreprises chinoises \u00e0 maintenir leurs activit\u00e9s et l’emploi durant la crise financi\u00e8re mondiale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pourtant, l’ampleur des investissements chinois,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> les pr\u00eats conditionnels massifs qui proviennent du soutien de P\u00e9kin aux projets d’infrastructure publique et la pr\u00e9sence croissante de la Chine dans d’autres secteurs de ressources naturelles, tels que l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re et l’agriculture, illustrent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les Etats africains, comme la Zambie, d’\u00eatre mieux pr\u00e9par\u00e9s pour faire face aux puissants partenaires internationaux. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe point crucial est l’application des politiques\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Gumbo. \u00abLorsque le gouvernement n\u2019applique pas ses politiques, les gens font comme ils l’entendent. En renfor\u00e7ant leur mise en \u0153uvre, le gouvernement obtiendrait plus de revenus.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En 2011, une nouvelle loi a cr\u00e9\u00e9 l’Agence Zambienne de Gestion de l’Environnement (ZEMA), qui vise \u00e0 \u00e9valuer les impacts environnementaux des investisseurs en amont des projets industriels et \u00e0 surveiller leurs mises en \u0153uvre. Les auteurs notent que la ZEMA n’emploie que 40 inspecteurs \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle nationale et ils soulignent des \u00ablacunes importantes dans la l\u00e9gislation r\u00e9gissant les impacts environnementaux des op\u00e9rations commerciales \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en Zambie\u00bb. N\u00e9anmoins, la sensibilisation \u00e9mergente \u00e0 l’environnement des autorit\u00e9s face \u00e0 l\u2019expansion de l’exploitation mini\u00e8re cr\u00e9e un potentiel pour une meilleure gestion foresti\u00e8re, d\u00e9clare M. Gumbo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa ZEMA s\u2019engage d\u00e9sormais, en questionnant les plans de gestion, en minimisant ce que le secteur forestier peut faire sans respecter les exigences d’\u00e9valuation environnementale.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets de cette recherche, veuillez contacter Davison Gumbo sur <\/span><\/span><\/span>d.gumbo@cgiar.org<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre du <\/span><\/span><\/span>Programme de Recherche du CGIAR sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l’Agroforesterie<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 La r\u00e9cente flamb\u00e9e des investissements chinois en Afrique a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les d\u00e9cideurs politiques locaux de renforcer la r\u00e9glementation et la capacit\u00e9 administrative pour g\u00e9rer leurs for\u00eats et leurs autres ressources naturelles de mani\u00e8re durable, selon les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en Zambie. L\u2019\u00e9tude, men\u00e9e par des scientifiques du […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":23650,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,95,1072],"tags":[943,774,382,89,274,1592],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1041],"class_list":["post-23991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-human-wellbeing","category-landscapes","tag-china","tag-finance","tag-forest-management","tag-investment","tag-mining","tag-zambia","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPr\u00e9sence chinoise en Afrique: sonnette d'alarme pour les gestionnaires de ressources naturelles - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23991\/presence-chinoise-en-afrique-sonnette-dalarme-pour-les-gestionnaires-de-ressources-naturelles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pr\u00e9sence chinoise en Afrique: sonnette d'alarme pour les gestionnaires de ressources naturelles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 La r\u00e9cente flamb\u00e9e des investissements chinois en Afrique a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les d\u00e9cideurs politiques locaux de renforcer la r\u00e9glementation et la capacit\u00e9 administrative pour g\u00e9rer leurs for\u00eats et leurs autres ressources naturelles de mani\u00e8re durable, selon les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en Zambie. 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