{"id":2392,"date":"2011-04-09T00:29:21","date_gmt":"2011-04-09T00:29:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=2392"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:50:37","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:50:37","slug":"cameroun-une-richesse-forestiere-ignoree-en-quete-de-verite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2392\/cameroun-une-richesse-forestiere-ignoree-en-quete-de-verite","title":{"rendered":"Cameroun : une richesse foresti\u00e8re ignor\u00e9e (En qu\u00eate de v\u00e9rit\u00e9)"},"content":{"rendered":"
YAOUNDE, Cameroun (9 avril, 2011)_Le CIFOR a commenc\u00e9 ses recherches surl\u2019exploitation ill\u00e9gale au Cameroun en 2003.Au d\u00e9part, la priorit\u00e9 \u00e9tait plac\u00e9e sur le secteurindustriel, notamment sur la comparaison deschiffres d\u2019exportation du bois avec ceux de laproduction dans les concessions foresti\u00e8res \u00e0grande \u00e9chelle. Toutefois, il s\u2019est rapidement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9qu\u2019il manquait quelque chose dans les nombreusesdonn\u00e9es recueillies par le MINFOF.<\/p>\n
\u00ab On ne disposait d\u2019absolument aucune informationsur l\u2019offre de bois au niveau national, alors qu\u2019ilsuffisait d\u2019aller \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9 pour se rendre comptequ\u2019elle \u00e9tait importante \u00bb, assure Cerutti. \u00ab Lesmarch\u00e9s du bois \u00e9tablis le long des routes sed\u00e9veloppaient et s\u2019\u00e9tendaient dans toute la villepour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l\u2019essor de la construction. \u00bb<\/p>\nEdouard Essiane (\u00e0 droite), aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s d\u2019un vendeur de bois \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Les \u00e9tudes du CIFOR ont \u00e9galement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des\u00e9carts entre les chiffres de production et les chiffresd\u2019exportation, ces derniers exc\u00e9dant souvent laproduction d\u00e9clar\u00e9e.\u00ab<\/p>\n
Lorsque nous avons entam\u00e9 nos recherches surle march\u00e9 int\u00e9rieur et les march\u00e9s r\u00e9gionaux, en 2008, nous voulions r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 trois questions \u00bb, indique Cerutti. \u00ab Quelle quantit\u00e9 de bois \u00e9tait r\u00e9colt\u00e9e ? Quiproduisait le bois ? D\u2019o\u00f9 venait-il ? \u00bb<\/p>\n
La collecte de donn\u00e9es a commenc\u00e9 au Cameroun etau Gabon, puis a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tendue \u00e0 des grandes villes de laR\u00e9publique centrafricaine, de la R\u00e9publique du Congo etde la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo.Au Cameroun, cette d\u00e9marche a inclus une analysed\u00e9taill\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s de n\u00e9goce dans plus de 1200d\u00e9p\u00f4ts de bois r\u00e9partis dans 50 march\u00e9s \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9,Bertoua, Douala, Kumba et Limb\u00e9, ainsi que desentretiens avec 261 petits scieurs travaillant dans70 communes. Une arm\u00e9e de volontaires (dont desn\u00e9gociants en bois, des \u00e9tudiants, des fonctionnaires duMINFOF) a collect\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es ayant permis au CIFOR et au MINFOF d\u2019obtenir une compr\u00e9hension d\u00e9taill\u00e9e dela mani\u00e8re dont le march\u00e9 int\u00e9rieur du bois fonctionne.<\/p>\n
\u00ab Nous avons \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s surpris de nos d\u00e9couvertes \u00bb,indique Cerutti. \u00ab La quantit\u00e9 de bois vendue \u00e9tait biensup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 nos pr\u00e9visions, l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 du secteurfonctionnant comme une \u00e9conomie parall\u00e8le ill\u00e9gale. \u00bb<\/p>\n
Depuis 1996, le volume de bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 pour alimenter les march\u00e9s int\u00e9rieur a pratiquement d\u00e9cupl\u00e9. En 1996,il \u00e9tait d\u2019environ 250 000 m\u00b3 par an EBR (\u00e9quivalent bois rond), et en 2002, il \u00e9tait pass\u00e9 \u00e0 1 million m\u00b3EBR. Les derni\u00e8res donn\u00e9es du CIFOR sugg\u00e8rent qu\u2019ildoit \u00eatre \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent a 2,1 millions m\u00b3, soit \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s lem\u00eame volume que le bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 l\u00e9galement par lesprincipales concessions et destin\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Unpeu plus d\u2019un quart de l\u2019offre int\u00e9rieure et r\u00e9gionaleprovient de \u00ab rebuts \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de sciages produitspar les concessions mais de qualit\u00e9 insuffisante pourl\u2019export. Le reste, qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 une r\u00e9colte annuellede 700 000 m\u00b3 de bois sci\u00e9, est fourni par des scieursqui travaillent \u00e0 la tron\u00e7onneuse et sans permis l\u00e9gal.<\/p>\n
La loi foresti\u00e8re de 1994, qui r\u00e9git les activit\u00e9sforesti\u00e8res au Cameroun, se concentre avant toutsur la production \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle destin\u00e9e \u00e0l\u2019exportation. Lorsque cette loi a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9e, cela faisaitsens : le pays \u00e9tait en pleine crise \u00e9conomique et lademande int\u00e9rieure en bois avait d\u00e9gringol\u00e9. En plusd\u2019encourager la gestion durable des for\u00eats dans les concessions industrielles, cette nouvelle loi cherchait \u00e0promouvoir une plus grande participation des int\u00e9r\u00eatsnation aux dans l\u2019industrie du bois. Elle a ainsi int\u00e9gr\u00e9des mesures de promotion des for\u00eats communautaireset de redistribution de certaines redevances acquitt\u00e9espar les entreprises d\u2019exploitation industrielle aupr\u00e8sdes communes et des villages locaux, et \u00e9galementintroduit plusieurs types de titres d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux Camerounais. Il s\u2019agissait depermis d\u2019exploitation d\u2019une dur\u00e9e maximale d\u2019un anpour une r\u00e9colte ne d\u00e9passant pas 500 m\u00b3, ainsi qued\u2019autorisations personnelles de coupe d\u2019une dur\u00e9emaximale de trois mois, pour un volume de 30 m\u00b3.<\/p>\n
Seuls les premiers pouvaient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s \u00e0 des fins commerciales. Mais il s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9 que peu de scieurs avaient fait une demande de permis d\u2019exploitation dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, et que la plus grande partie du bois provenait de zones o\u00f9 ils pouvaient faire valoir une forme de droit d\u2019usage, souvent n\u00e9goci\u00e9 avec les propri\u00e9taires coutumiers des arbres en question.<\/p>\n
En 1999, le gouvernement a suspendu tous les titres d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle. L\u2019objectif premier \u00e9tait de s\u2019attaquer \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation ill\u00e9gale tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue ainsi qu\u2019aux comportements corrompus des entreprises industrielles disposant d\u2019autorisations pour la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de bois, autorisations qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place pour permettre d\u2019\u00e9vacuer les bois se trouvant sur les sites de projets de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\nUn message du Minist\u00e8re des finances. Photo de Paolo Cerutti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\u00ab Malheureusement, le gouvernement a \u00e9galement d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de suspendre les seuls titres d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re qui auraient pu profiter aux petits producteurs, m\u00eame si ces titres n\u2019\u00e9taient pas la cause du probl\u00e8me \u00bb, commente Cerutti.<\/p>\n
Rest\u00e9e en vigueur jusqu\u2019en 2006, l\u2019interdiction n\u2019a pas permis de r\u00e9duire l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la r\u00e9colte. La production de bois destin\u00e9e au march\u00e9 int\u00e9rieur a m\u00eame consid\u00e9rablement augment\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Lorsque la suspension a \u00e9t\u00e9 lev\u00e9e, en 2006, le MINFOF a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de mettre aux ench\u00e8res une cinquantaine de permis d\u2019exploitation. Ils devaient \u00eatre d\u00e9livr\u00e9s par une commission interminist\u00e9rielle bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9, plut\u00f4t que par les d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s r\u00e9gionaux, comme par le pass\u00e9. Cela n\u2019\u00e9tait pas tr\u00e8s logique pour les scieurs, qui travaillaient souvent \u00e0 des centaines de kilom\u00e8tres de la capitale ; aucune demande pour ces permis ne fut donc d\u00e9pos\u00e9e.<\/p>\n
\u00ab Vous imaginez un scieur se rendant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 Yaound\u00e9 pour faire une demande qui ne serait pas approuv\u00e9e avant plusieurs semaines ? \u00bb, demande Cerutti. \u00ab C\u2019\u00e9tait tout simplement impensable. \u00bb<\/p>\n
Selon Cerutti, la suspension des permis d\u2019exploitation \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle a cr\u00e9\u00e9 de nouvelles niches de corruption au sein du MINFOF, le personnel travaillant dans les arrondissements et les r\u00e9gions ayant d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un r\u00e9seau \u00e9tendu de collecte de redevances aupr\u00e8s des scieurs et des n\u00e9gociants en bois.<\/p>\n
\u00ab Il \u00e9tait donc dans leur int\u00e9r\u00eat de maintenir un syst\u00e8me dont ils \u00e9taient eux-m\u00eames les principaux b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires \u00bb, ajoute Cerutti.<\/p>\n
Leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 extorquer de l\u2019argent aurait alors \u00e9t\u00e9 compromise par un syst\u00e8me encourageant les scieurs \u00e0 demander et obtenir des titres l\u00e9gaux. Pour comprendre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment comment ce syst\u00e8me fonctionne, et pourquoi la r\u00e9forme sera si difficile, il est n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019observer ce qui se passe dans les for\u00eats, sur les routes et dans les march\u00e9s.<\/p>\n
\n
Depuis 1996, le volume de bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 pour alimenter<\/div>\n
les march\u00e9s int\u00e9rieur a pratiquement d\u00e9cupl\u00e9. En 1996,<\/div>\n
il \u00e9tait d\u2019environ 250 000 m\u00b3 par an EBR (\u00e9quivalent<\/div>\n
bois rond), et en 2002, il \u00e9tait pass\u00e9 \u00e0 1 million m\u00b3<\/div>\n
EBR. Les derni\u00e8res donn\u00e9es du CIFOR sugg\u00e8rent qu\u2019il<\/div>\n
doit \u00eatre \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent a 2,1 millions m\u00b3, soit \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s le<\/div>\n
m\u00eame volume que le bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 l\u00e9galement par les<\/div>\n
principales concessions et destin\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Un<\/div>\n
peu plus d\u2019un quart de l\u2019offre int\u00e9rieure et r\u00e9gionale<\/div>\n
provient de \u00ab rebuts \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de sciages produits<\/div>\n
par les concessions mais de qualit\u00e9 insuffisante pour<\/div>\n
l\u2019export. Le reste, qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 une r\u00e9colte annuelle<\/div>\n
de 700 000 m\u00b3 de bois sci\u00e9, est fourni par des scieurs<\/div>\n
qui travaillent \u00e0 la tron\u00e7onneuse et sans permis l\u00e9gal.<\/div>\n
La loi foresti\u00e8re de 1994, qui r\u00e9git les activit\u00e9s<\/div>\n
foresti\u00e8res au Cameroun, se concentre avant tout<\/div>\n
sur la production \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle destin\u00e9e \u00e0<\/div>\n
l\u2019exportation. Lorsque cette loi a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9e, cela faisait<\/div>\n
sens : le pays \u00e9tait en pleine crise \u00e9conomique et la<\/div>\n
demande int\u00e9rieure en bois avait d\u00e9gringol\u00e9. En plus<\/div>\n
d\u2019encourager la gestion durable des for\u00eats dans les<\/div>\n
concessions industrielles, cette nouvelle loi cherchait \u00e0<\/div>\n
promouvoir une plus grande participation des int\u00e9r\u00eats<\/div>\n
nationaux dans l\u2019industrie du bois. Elle a ainsi int\u00e9gr\u00e9<\/div>\n
des mesures de promotion des for\u00eats communautaires<\/div>\n
et de redistribution de certaines redevances acquitt\u00e9es<\/div>\n
par les entreprises d\u2019exploitation industrielle aupr\u00e8s<\/div>\n
des communes et des villages locaux, et \u00e9galement<\/div>\n
introduit plusieurs types de titres d\u2019exploitation<\/div>\n
foresti\u00e8re r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux Camerounais. Il s\u2019agissait de<\/div>\n
pour une r\u00e9colte ne d\u00e9passant pas 500 m\u00b3, ainsi que<\/div>\n
d\u2019autorisations personnelles de coupe d\u2019une dur\u00e9e<\/div>\n
maximale de trois mois, pour un volume de 30 m\u00b3.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
YAOUNDE, Cameroun (9 avril, 2011)_Le CIFOR a commenc\u00e9 ses recherches surl\u2019exploitation ill\u00e9gale au Cameroun en 2003.Au d\u00e9part, la priorit\u00e9 \u00e9tait plac\u00e9e sur le secteurindustriel, notamment sur la comparaison deschiffres d\u2019exportation du bois avec ceux de laproduction dans les concessions foresti\u00e8res \u00e0grande \u00e9chelle. Toutefois, il s\u2019est rapidement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9qu\u2019il manquait quelque chose dans les nombreusesdonn\u00e9es recueillies par […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-2392","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
Cameroun : une richesse foresti\u00e8re ignor\u00e9e (En qu\u00eate de v\u00e9rit\u00e9) - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/2392\/cameroun-une-richesse-forestiere-ignoree-en-quete-de-verite\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cameroun : une richesse foresti\u00e8re ignor\u00e9e (En qu\u00eate de v\u00e9rit\u00e9)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"YAOUNDE, Cameroun (9 avril, 2011)_Le CIFOR a commenc\u00e9 ses recherches surl\u2019exploitation ill\u00e9gale au Cameroun en 2003.Au d\u00e9part, la priorit\u00e9 \u00e9tait plac\u00e9e sur le secteurindustriel, notamment sur la comparaison deschiffres d\u2019exportation du bois avec ceux de laproduction dans les concessions foresti\u00e8res \u00e0grande \u00e9chelle. 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