{"id":23841,"date":"2014-08-28T03:35:54","date_gmt":"2014-08-27T20:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23841"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:46:01","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:46:01","slug":"en-se-focalisant-sur-la-resilience-on-risque-daboutir-a-une-concentration-des-pouvoirs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23841\/en-se-focalisant-sur-la-resilience-on-risque-daboutir-a-une-concentration-des-pouvoirs","title":{"rendered":"En se focalisant sur la r\u00e9silience, on risque d\u2019aboutir \u00e0 une concentration des pouvoirs"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

\"Una<\/a>
Une m\u00e8re porte son b\u00e9b\u00e9 dans un village situ\u00e9 en Kalimantan oriental en Indon\u00e9sie. Les chercheurs craignent que les programmes sur le climat et le d\u00e9veloppement ne contribuent \u00e0 consolider des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres de pouvoir. Photo: Moses Ceaser\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

MONTPELLIER, France \u2014 Tandis que des scientifiques et des d\u00e9cideurs politiques explorent des moyens de rendre les syst\u00e8mes sociaux et environnementaux plus r\u00e9sistants face aux chocs, on craint de plus en plus que l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 et les d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres de pouvoir existants ne puissent \u00eatre renforc\u00e9s par le processus, selon les \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es lors d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence r\u00e9cente. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abJe crains que la r\u00e9silience devienne, pour des motifs politiques, un instrument rendant les puissants encore plus puissants. Elle devrait \u00eatre un moyen pour faire le contraire\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Luca Alinovi, \u00e9conomiste \u00e0 l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO), lors de la <\/span><\/span><\/span>conf\u00e9rence R\u00e9silience 2014<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00e0 Montpellier, en France.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La science de la r\u00e9silience \u00e9tudie comment les socio-\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes r\u00e9agissent aux changements et quel est le seuil de basculement d’un \u00e9tat stable \u00e0 un autre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une grande partie de cette recherche au niveau mondial s\u2019est focalis\u00e9e sur la capacit\u00e9 de la Terre \u00e0 soutenir les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines par une s\u00e9rie de \u00ablimites plan\u00e9taires\u00bb, telles que le changement climatique, la perte de biodiversit\u00e9 et la consommation en eau. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa science de la r\u00e9silience ressemble de plus en plus \u00e0 une carte des points de basculement li\u00e9s au changement climatique\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Johan Rockstr\u00f6m, directeur ex\u00e9cutif du Centre de R\u00e9silience de Stockholm et auteur principal de la <\/span><\/span><\/span>publication originale de 2009<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>sur les limites plan\u00e9taires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pourtant, <\/span><\/span><\/span>un nombre croissant d\u2019\u00e9tudes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>soutient que ces limites devraient \u00eatre contrebalanc\u00e9es par des dispositions sociales minimales requises pour respecter les droits fondamentaux des hommes, tels que l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 suffisamment de nourriture et d’eau.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe d\u00e9fi pour l’humanit\u00e9 consiste \u00e0 \u00e9tablir des trajectoires qui am\u00e9liorent la durabilit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9silience en int\u00e9grant l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 environnementale \u00e0 l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 sociale, aux droits humains, au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Melissa Leach, directeur de l’Institut des Etudes du D\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Sussex. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes questions de politique et de pouvoir doivent \u00eatre beaucoup mieux int\u00e9gr\u00e9es dans le cadre conceptuel sur les limites plan\u00e9taires et sociales que nous examinons\u00bb, ajoute-t-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Leach affirme que la tendance actuelle, qui consiste \u00e0 chercher des solutions \u00abtechno-scientifiques\u00bb pour trouver cet \u00e9quilibre convient aux entreprises, scientifiques et gouvernements int\u00e9ress\u00e9s \u00e0 les promouvoir, mais n\u00e9glige \u00e0 la fois la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique d’impliquer les citoyens dans le processus et la possibilit\u00e9 d’utiliser des solutions venant de l’innovation locale. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCertains observateurs font maintenant allusion au danger que les limites plan\u00e9taires soient utilis\u00e9es pour une forme de prise de pouvoir du haut vers le bas qui finira par s\u2019av\u00e9rer tout \u00e0 fait anti-d\u00e9mocratique\u00bb, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

QUAND LE CHANGEMENT RENFORCE LE<\/span><\/span><\/span> STATU QUO<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9cideurs politiques sont \u00e9galement concern\u00e9s par le fait que l\u2019aide apport\u00e9e aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s pour qu\u2019elles deviennent plus r\u00e9sistantes face aux chocs est susceptible de renforcer des relations de pouvoir ind\u00e9sirables. \u00abDevons-nous renforcer en ce moment la r\u00e9silience en Cor\u00e9e du Nord ou en R\u00e9publique centrafricaine?\u00bb, demande Jean-Marc Ch\u00e2taigner, qui supervise des programmes d’aide au d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger pour le minist\u00e8re fran\u00e7ais des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res. \u00abLa r\u00e9silience sans d\u00e9mocratie est vou\u00e9e \u00e0 l’\u00e9chec.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La<\/span><\/span><\/span> recherche r\u00e9cente de terrain souligne ces questions sur les paysages forestiers \u00e0 travers le monde. Raffaele Vignola du <\/span><\/span><\/span>Centro Agron\u00f3mico Tropical de Investigaci\u00f3n y Educaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> (CATIE), un institut de recherche agricole bas\u00e9 au Costa Rica, \u00e9tudie l’implication des acteurs locaux dans les programmes d’att\u00e9nuation et d’adaptation en l’Am\u00e9rique latine. Il est \u00e9galement scientifique associ\u00e9 au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). M. Vignola note que les besoins et les int\u00e9r\u00eats des agents ext\u00e9rieurs, int\u00e9ress\u00e9s \u00e0 la lutte contre le changement climatique, correspondent rarement \u00e0 ceux des communaut\u00e9s locales. Ces derni\u00e8res sont souvent exclues des discussions techniques sur la pr\u00e9paration des mesures d’att\u00e9nuation ou d’adaptation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCe qui se passe habituellement, c’est que chacun regarde dans une direction diff\u00e9rente et les raisonnements ne se rejoignent pas\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Vignola. \u00abLe processus doit tenir compte des asym\u00e9tries de pouvoir en termes de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des connaissances et la mani\u00e8re dont la connaissance peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e dans les n\u00e9gociations\u00bb, avertit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Autre exemple, Cecilia Viana, g\u00e9ographe \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Brasilia et \u00e9galement scientifique associ\u00e9 au CIFOR, a examin\u00e9 la mani\u00e8re dont la municipalit\u00e9 amazonienne de Paragominas avait \u00e9t\u00e9 ray\u00e9e de la liste des zones d\u00e9nonc\u00e9es par le gouvernement br\u00e9silien pour leur dossier m\u00e9diocre sur la d\u00e9forestation. Bien que la direction de la municipalit\u00e9 de la ville, le soutien du syndicat local et les ressources financi\u00e8res de l’industrie mini\u00e8re aient clairement \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s dans le cadre de la transformation de Paragominas en \u00abmunicipalit\u00e9 verte\u00bb, Mme Viana souligne les d\u00e9fis auxquels le gouvernement est confront\u00e9 pour transposer son mod\u00e8le ailleurs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl n’y a pas assez de compr\u00e9hension des relations de pouvoir au sein de la municipalit\u00e9. Le changement ne signifie pas la m\u00eame chose pour un petit ou un grand propri\u00e9taire terrien, ce qui renforce les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de pouvoir existantes\u00bb, dit-elle. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs du CIFOR Houria Djoudi et Denis Gautier \u00e9tudient la mise en \u0153uvre de la gestion des for\u00eats communautaires au Burkina Faso et ont trouv\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats similaires. Bien que les d\u00e9cisions sur l’utilisation des terres dans les zones foresti\u00e8res aient \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es vers des institutions locales, les structures de pouvoir existantes ont souvent \u00e9t\u00e9 renforc\u00e9es au d\u00e9triment de certains groupes tels que les migrants, les pasteurs ou les femmes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLorsque vous ciblez des groupes vuln\u00e9rables, vous devez vous assurer que, au-del\u00e0 de leurs repr\u00e9sentants, les personnes soient r\u00e9ellement autonomis\u00e9es\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Gautier. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Djoudi et lui mettent en garde contre les approches grossi\u00e8res consid\u00e9rant les communaut\u00e9s, voir m\u00eame les m\u00e9nages, comme des groupes homog\u00e8nes. Ils insistent sur l’importance des strat\u00e9gies individuelles au sein des groupes. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous avons tendance \u00e0 n\u00e9gliger le fait que les communaut\u00e9s ont leur propre r\u00e9partition du pouvoir\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mme Djoudi. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Houria Djoudi sur <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>h.djoudi@cgiar.org<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

MONTPELLIER, France \u2014 Tandis que des scientifiques et des d\u00e9cideurs politiques explorent des moyens de rendre les syst\u00e8mes sociaux et environnementaux plus r\u00e9sistants face aux chocs, on craint de plus en plus que l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 et les d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres de pouvoir existants ne puissent \u00eatre renforc\u00e9s par le processus, selon les \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es lors d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence r\u00e9cente. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":23581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,137,13,1072,180],"tags":[848,1553],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1041],"class_list":["post-23841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","category-landscapes","category-mitigating-climate-change","tag-power","tag-resilience","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEn se focalisant sur la r\u00e9silience, on risque d\u2019aboutir \u00e0 une concentration des pouvoirs - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23841\/en-se-focalisant-sur-la-resilience-on-risque-daboutir-a-une-concentration-des-pouvoirs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"En se focalisant sur la r\u00e9silience, on risque d\u2019aboutir \u00e0 une concentration des pouvoirs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"MONTPELLIER, France \u2014 Tandis que des scientifiques et des d\u00e9cideurs politiques explorent des moyens de rendre les syst\u00e8mes sociaux et environnementaux plus r\u00e9sistants face aux chocs, on craint de plus en plus que l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 et les d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres de pouvoir existants ne puissent \u00eatre renforc\u00e9s par le processus, selon les \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es lors d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence r\u00e9cente. 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