{"id":23558,"date":"2014-08-06T06:00:13","date_gmt":"2014-08-05T23:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23558"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:50:36","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:50:36","slug":"cameroun-une-etude-sur-les-redevances-foncieres-pleine-de-lecons-pour-la-redd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23558\/cameroun-une-etude-sur-les-redevances-foncieres-pleine-de-lecons-pour-la-redd","title":{"rendered":"Cameroun: une \u00e9tude sur les redevances fonci\u00e8res riche d’enseignements pour la REDD+"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Bosque<\/a>
For\u00eat pr\u00e8s du village Ngon, dans le district d’Ebolowa au Cameroun. Une \u00e9tude a constat\u00e9 dans 40 villages camerounais que la plupart des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019indemnisation des propri\u00e9taires fonciers \u00a0par l’agro-industrie sont inefficaces, inefficients et in\u00e9quitables. Photo: Ollivier Girard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Une \u00e9valuation de l’agriculture industrielle au Cameroun a montr\u00e9 que des r\u00e9formes de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices fonciers pourraient aider \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un m\u00e9canisme de paiement pour la REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et la D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats), ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser la base juridique de la gestion des terres du pays et soutenir la lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9 rurale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 la demande croissante en terres agricoles et en permis d\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re, des scientifiques du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR)<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>ont entrepris de d\u00e9terminer le m\u00e9canisme qui r\u00e9git les frais de location des terres pour l’agro-industrie du Cameroun.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats de l’\u00e9tude, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s \u00e0 des parlementaires, suscitent l’espoir: la l\u00e9gislation r\u00e9vis\u00e9e pourrait ouvrir la voie \u00e0 une mise en \u0153uvre r\u00e9ussie de la REDD+. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abUn mois avant que l\u2019article ait \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9, j’ai \u00e9t\u00e9 invit\u00e9 \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter les r\u00e9sultats devant un comit\u00e9 parlementaire\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Samuel Assembe Mvondo, auteur principal de l’\u00e9tude et scientifique au bureau r\u00e9gional du CIFOR au Cameroun. \u00abLes r\u00e9sultats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 une grande surprise pour beaucoup d’entre eux. Certains ne connaissaient pas le probl\u00e8me avec les redevances fonci\u00e8res.\u00bb <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude, intitul\u00e9e Evaluation de l’efficacit\u00e9, l’efficience et l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l’agriculture industrielle: le\u00e7ons tir\u00e9es des redevances fonci\u00e8res au Cameroun<\/a>, a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e dans European Journal of Development Research<\/a>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 quelques exceptions pr\u00e8s, l’\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que dans 40 villages \u00e0 travers le Cameroun, les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019indemnisation des propri\u00e9taires fonciers par l’agro-industrie \u00e9taient inefficaces, inefficients et in\u00e9quitables. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abBien que des lois sur les redevances fonci\u00e8res aient \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1970, il n’y a jamais eu d’\u00e9tude ou d’\u00e9valuation concernant leur efficacit\u00e9\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Assembe Mvondo. \u00abPuisque la gouvernance actuelle du Cameroun est connue pour \u00eatre faible, je ne suis pas surpris par les r\u00e9sultats de l’\u00e9tude. Esp\u00e9rons que les politiciens prendront en compte nos recommandations lorsqu\u2019ils reverront les lois fonci\u00e8res.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

INEFFICACE, INEFFICIENT, INEQUITABLE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont choisi cinq filiales de multinationales op\u00e9rant dans le secteur agro-industriel du Cameroun pour \u00e9valuer les m\u00e9canismes de paiement des frais fonciers. Les cinq filiales, anonymes pour des raisons juridiques, op\u00e8rent dans les secteurs du palmier \u00e0 huile, du caoutchouc, de la banane et de la canne \u00e0 sucre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Seules deux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s op\u00e8rent sur des terres \u00abnationales\u00bb – c’est-\u00e0-dire des terres qui ne sont pas priv\u00e9es ou publiques – et doivent donc payer des redevances fonci\u00e8res aux communes et communaut\u00e9s. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de palmier \u00e0 huile, une filiale fran\u00e7aise, exploite cinq plantations dans six municipalit\u00e9s sur trois r\u00e9gions (provinces) couvrant plus de 78000 hectares (ha). La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de canne \u00e0 sucre, qui appartient \u00e9galement \u00e0 une multinationale fran\u00e7aise, produit plus de 140000 tonnes de sucre par an.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que le m\u00e9canisme de redevance fonci\u00e8re est inefficace. Alors que les communaut\u00e9s vivant proche de la plantation de canne \u00e0 sucre re\u00e7oivent leur part de redevances fonci\u00e8res, celles proches des cinq plantations de palmier \u00e0 huile ne la re\u00e7oivent pas. En citant SHERPA<\/a>, une organisation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, les chercheurs ont li\u00e9 l\u2019absence des paiements aux mauvaises conditions de vie des travailleurs et des communaut\u00e9s locales vivant \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de la plantation de palmier \u00e0 huile. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pourquoi le m\u00e9canisme ne fonctionne-t-il pas syst\u00e9matiquement ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lors d\u2019un entretien avec les chercheurs, un responsable du minist\u00e8re a sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 que les fonctionnaires en charge de la collecte des recettes ont d\u00e9tourn\u00e9 des fonds. En effet, environ 30 millions d\u2019euros (41 millions de dollars) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s en 2011 en collusion avec des responsables de l’administration des biens fonciers, selon l’\u00e9tude citant la Commission Nationale Anti-Corruption<\/a> (CONAC) du Cameroun.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude a \u00e9galement mis en \u00e9vidence des niveaux in\u00e9gaux d’efficacit\u00e9. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de canne \u00e0 sucre utilise un syst\u00e8me d\u00e9centralis\u00e9 qui donne des ch\u00e8ques directement aux b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’huile de palme quant \u00e0 elle verse les redevances dans un fonds de taxe centralis\u00e9 dans la capitale, Yaound\u00e9, \u00e0 300 km. Les co\u00fbts de transaction sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s et al\u00e9atoires, selon l’\u00e9tude, ce qui engendre une inefficacit\u00e9 et explique aussi en partie pourquoi les communaut\u00e9s ne re\u00e7oivent pas de paiements.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont \u00e9galement examin\u00e9 deux enjeux li\u00e9s \u00e0 l’\u00e9quit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D’une part, bien que les communaut\u00e9s autour de la plantation de canne \u00e0 sucre re\u00e7oivent des paiements, leur part l\u00e9gale de 20% repr\u00e9sente seulement la moiti\u00e9 de ce que les conseils d’\u00c9tat et locaux re\u00e7oivent. L’\u00e9tude sugg\u00e8re par cons\u00e9quent que le syst\u00e8me contient un biais en d\u00e9faveur des communaut\u00e9s locales. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D’autre part, les conseils utilisent les loyers fonciers pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins du moment, tels que le paiement des salaires, plut\u00f4t que d’investir dans le d\u00e9veloppement durable. Dans certains villages, les loyers fonciers n’ont pas engendr\u00e9 une am\u00e9lioration significative des conditions de vie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00eame les conseils qui investissent dans des projets communautaires n’ont pas r\u00e9duit la pauvret\u00e9 des m\u00e9nages. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes revenus tir\u00e9s des redevances fonci\u00e8res ne sont pas utilis\u00e9s autrement que les redevances foresti\u00e8res\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Assembe Mvondo. \u00abIls ne sont pas investis de mani\u00e8re coh\u00e9rente dans la sant\u00e9, l’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, l’eau ou l’\u00e9ducation.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

RISQUE DE CONFLIT<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Selon les chercheurs, le cas de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’huile de palme montre clairement que le mod\u00e8le actuel de rente fonci\u00e8re est poreux, incomplet et injuste. Il favorise la relation entre les op\u00e9rateurs de l’\u00c9tat et de l\u2019\u00e9conomie au d\u00e9triment des conseils et tout particuli\u00e8rement des communaut\u00e9s locales vivant \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des plantations. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abD’autres chercheurs ont montr\u00e9 que l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les populations locales ont perdu leurs terres coutumi\u00e8res au profit des plantations agro-industrielles, il y aura \u2013 t\u00f4t ou tard \u2013 des manifestations et conflits violents entre les habitants locaux opprim\u00e9s et l’Etat \/ l’entreprise\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Assembe Mvondo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En effet, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile a d\u00e9j\u00e0 lanc\u00e9 des manifestations contre un projet d’agrandissement d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’huile de palme am\u00e9ricaine. Certaines manifestations contre la compagnie de caoutchouc, op\u00e9rant sur des terres publiques (et donc pas tenue l\u00e9galement de d\u00e9dommager les communaut\u00e9s), ont \u00e9t\u00e9 violentes et un dirigeant a \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9, dit M. Assembe Mvondo. En vue d\u2019une \u00e9tude de suivi, M. Assembe Mvondo retrace l’\u00e9volution de la gouvernance de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de caoutchouc. Le but est de d\u00e9terminer comment les diff\u00e9rents propri\u00e9taires traitent les questions de responsabilit\u00e9 sociale des entreprises. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

POSER UNE FONDATION POUR LA REDD+<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs recommandent plusieurs moyens pour am\u00e9liorer le partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices issus des loyers fonciers nationaux. Ils soulignent que ces am\u00e9liorations sont \u00e9galement des conditions pr\u00e9alables \u00e0 tout programme futur de REDD+ au Cameroun.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ces recommandations comprennent: r\u00e9aliser un inventaire syst\u00e9matique des terres nationales occup\u00e9es, accord\u00e9es ou lou\u00e9es; assurer que tous les op\u00e9rateurs payent les loyers fonciers requis par la loi; lancer des appels d’offres pour les terres nationales ouvertes \u00e0 l’investissement; et assurer que toutes les informations relatives \u00e0 l’occupation et l\u2019utilisation des terres nationales soient publi\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce au Fonds de partenariat pour le carbone forestier<\/a>, la Banque mondiale a approuv\u00e9 le Plan de Pr\u00e9paration \u00e0 la REDD+ du Cameroun, d\u00e9clare M. Assembe Mvondo. Le pays \u00e9labore d\u00e9sormais une strat\u00e9gie nationale et quelques projets pilotes sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 op\u00e9rationnels sur le terrain. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abJe pense qu’il est important que les cr\u00e9ateurs du m\u00e9canisme de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de la REDD+ au Cameroun sachent comment la Constitution a mis en place les loyers fonciers pour les communaut\u00e9s\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abDe cette fa\u00e7on, ils peuvent \u00e9viter les erreurs du pass\u00e9 et assurer que le m\u00e9canisme soit efficace, efficient et \u00e9quitable.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les enjeux abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Samuel Assembe Mvondo sur s.assembe@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l’Agroforesterie<\/a> et a \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenu en partie par NORAD, AusAID, DFID et la Commission europ\u00e9enne.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Une \u00e9valuation de l’agriculture industrielle au Cameroun a montr\u00e9 que des r\u00e9formes de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices fonciers pourraient aider \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un m\u00e9canisme de paiement pour la REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et la D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats), ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser la base juridique de la gestion des terres du […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":107,"featured_media":22872,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,137,180,151],"tags":[322,25,668,333,47,326,373,123,4379],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1141],"class_list":["post-23558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-redd-2","tag-africa","tag-agriculture","tag-benefit-sharing","tag-cameroon","tag-conservation","tag-governance","tag-land-tenure","tag-redd","tag-tenure","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCameroun: une \u00e9tude sur les redevances fonci\u00e8res riche d'enseignements pour la REDD+ - 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