{"id":23553,"date":"2014-08-04T06:00:53","date_gmt":"2014-08-03T23:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23553"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:36:42","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:36:42","slug":"un-rapport-identifie-des-lacunes-dans-les-garanties-du-commerce-de-bois","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23553\/un-rapport-identifie-des-lacunes-dans-les-garanties-du-commerce-de-bois","title":{"rendered":"Un rapport identifie des lacunes dans les garanties du commerce de bois"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Medici\u00f3n<\/a>
Mesure de grumes sci\u00e9es en Indon\u00e9sie. Les syst\u00e8mes internationaux destin\u00e9s \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler le commerce du bois doivent travailler plus \u00e9troitement ensemble pour contr\u00f4ler l\u2019afflux de bois ill\u00e9gal, selon un nouveau rapport. Photo: Agung Prasetyo\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Le bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 ill\u00e9galement en Afrique, en Asie et en Am\u00e9rique latine continue d’\u00eatre vendu sur les march\u00e9s mondiaux, en d\u00e9pit des efforts internationaux visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire ce commerce. Les syst\u00e8mes internationaux doivent travailler plus \u00e9troitement ensemble s\u2019ils comptent contr\u00f4ler l\u2019afflux de ce commerce, selon un nouveau document <\/a>de Chatham House<\/a>, un institut de politique bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Londres, et le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9glementations, qui sont entr\u00e9es en vigueur dans l’Union europ\u00e9enne (UE) en mars 2013, interdisent la vente de bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 ill\u00e9galement et de produits fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de bois ill\u00e9gal sur le march\u00e9 de l’UE. Elles exigent \u00e9galement que les acheteurs et les vendeurs s’assurent que leurs produits peuvent \u00eatre trac\u00e9s tout au long de la cha\u00eene d’approvisionnement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ces mesures, <\/span><\/span><\/span>connues sous le nom de R\u00e8glement sur le bois de l’Union europ\u00e9enne<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>, compl\u00e8tent la <\/span><\/span><\/span>Convention sur le commerce international des esp\u00e8ces de faune et de flore sauvages menac\u00e9es d’extinction<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>(CITES), un trait\u00e9 international visant \u00e0 garantir que le commerce d’animaux et de plantes sauvages ne menace pas leur survie. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Selon les experts, ses deux syst\u00e8mes sont compl\u00e9mentaires. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCITES travaille avec un ensemble l\u00e9gislatif tr\u00e8s sp\u00e9cifique, visant la protection de la flore et faune, tandis que le R\u00e8glement commercial de l’UE, qui cherche \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le risque d\u2019entr\u00e9es de produits ill\u00e9gaux dans la cha\u00eene d’approvisionnement, est plus vaste\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Jade Saunders de Chatham House, qui a co\u00e9crit l’\u00e9tude.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le R\u00e8glement sur le bois de l’Union europ\u00e9enne est con\u00e7u pour garder le bois et les produits r\u00e9colt\u00e9s ill\u00e9galement en dehors des march\u00e9s de l’UE. CITES exige que les pays veillent \u00e0 ce que le commerce d\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/span>esp\u00e8ces menac\u00e9es<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> ne menace pas les populations de ces esp\u00e8ces dans leurs territoires, explique Rosalind Reeve, une associ\u00e9e principale de recherche du CIFOR et co-auteur de l’\u00e9tude.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le r\u00e8glement de l’UE vise le commerce ill\u00e9gal, tandis que la CITES a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue pour assurer que les r\u00e9coltes soient durables, selon Mme Reeve. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les deux syst\u00e8mes peuvent travailler ensemble, mais leurs approches ont quelques lacunes quant \u00e0 la r\u00e9glementation, d\u00e9clare Mme Reeve. Le manque de coordination entre les organes, pr\u00e9vus pour appliquer les r\u00e8gles dans les deux syst\u00e8mes, peut \u00e9galement nuire \u00e0 leur efficacit\u00e9, ajoute Mme Saunders.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le R\u00e8glement sur le bois de l’UE est n\u00e9 du Plan d’action pour l’Application des r\u00e9glementations foresti\u00e8res, Gouvernance et Echanges commerciaux (FLEGT<\/a>) lanc\u00e9 en 2003. Le R\u00e8glement sur le bois exige que toute personne vendant pour la premi\u00e8re fois des produits de bois sur le march\u00e9 de l’Union europ\u00e9enne exerce une \u00abdiligence raisonnable\u00bb, ce qui implique de fournir des informations sur le produit et le fournisseur, et de respecter les lois du pays d’origine.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, en vertu du droit europ\u00e9en, les importations de bois qui r\u00e9pondent aux exigences de la CITES sont exempt\u00e9es de l’obligation d\u2019exercer une diligence raisonnable, de m\u00eame que les produits sous licence en vertu des Accords de Partenariat Volontaires<\/a> (APV) du FLEGT. De tels accords commerciaux bilat\u00e9raux offrent aux pays producteurs de bois, pouvant assurer la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de leurs exportations de bois, un acc\u00e8s pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel aux march\u00e9s europ\u00e9ens.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019Indon\u00e9sie et cinq pays africains \u2013le Cameroun, la R\u00e9publique centrafricaine, le Ghana, le Lib\u00e9ria et la R\u00e9publique du Congo\u2013 ont des APV et d\u00e9veloppent des r\u00e8glements sur la surveillance et l’octroi de licences. Neuf autres pays sont en train de n\u00e9gocier des accords avec l’Union europ\u00e9enne et 11 autres ont manifest\u00e9 leur int\u00e9r\u00eat, <\/span><\/span><\/span>selon l\u2019agence europ\u00e9enne<\/a> qui supervise<\/span><\/span><\/span> le FLEGT.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019exemption des exigences de diligence raisonnable pour les importations approuv\u00e9es par la CITES cr\u00e9e une \u00e9chappatoire, selon Mme Reeve, puisque le R\u00e8glement Commercial de l’UE (RCUE) et la CITES utilisent des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de mesure diff\u00e9rents pour d\u00e9terminer si le bois est r\u00e9colt\u00e9 l\u00e9galement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela dit, plus d’un an apr\u00e8s son entr\u00e9e en vigueur, peu de pays de l’UE ont pris des mesures concr\u00e8tes pour appliquer la RCUE, selon Andrew Wardell, ancien directeur du Programme For\u00eats et Gouvernance du CIFOR. \u00abIl existe encore un d\u00e9saccord g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 sur les t\u00e2ches \u00e0 accomplir dans le cadre de la RCUE et sur les moyens ad\u00e9quats\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Selon la CITES, un pays producteur de bois tropical peut d\u00e9livrer des permis d’exportation pour du bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation prot\u00e9geant la flore et faune, tant que la r\u00e9colte ne menace pas la survie de l’esp\u00e8ce. Les r\u00e8gles pour d\u00e9terminer si une r\u00e9colte est l\u00e9gale ne sont pas identiques dans les pays de la CITES, explique Mme Reeve.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e8gles de l’Union europ\u00e9enne sont plus \u00e9tendues. Elles exigent que les commer\u00e7ants s’assurent que: le bois a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9colt\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re l\u00e9gale en vertu de la l\u00e9gislation environnementale et foresti\u00e8re des pays producteurs; les droits fonciers tout comme les lois sur la sant\u00e9 et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des travailleurs sont respect\u00e9s; les exportateurs et importateurs respectent les lois commerciales et douani\u00e8res.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En exemptant le bois ayant une licence de la CITES de la diligence raisonnable, l’Union europ\u00e9enne risque d\u2019importer du bois ou des produits qui ne r\u00e9pondent pas aux normes strictes du r\u00e8glement commercial, selon Mme Reeve. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl est essentiel que les autorit\u00e9s de mise en \u0153uvre et d’ex\u00e9cution de la RCUE et de la CITES communiquent efficacement et soient famili\u00e8res avec le syst\u00e8me de l’autre\u00bb, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un des risques est que le bois export\u00e9 avec des documents frauduleux \u00e9chappe au contr\u00f4le. Ce probl\u00e8me se pose par exemple avec l\u2019Acajou \u00e0 grandes feuilles (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Swietenia macrophylla<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>) du P\u00e9rou, <\/span><\/span><\/span>selon une \u00e9tude de cas<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>dans le document de Mme Reeve et Mme Saunders. Un autre probl\u00e8me est que certains produits fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir d’esp\u00e8ces inscrites sur la liste de la CITES peuvent \u00eatre import\u00e9s librement, puisque la CITES n\u2019exige pas explicitement de permis d’exportation pour ces produits. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les licences accord\u00e9es en vertu du FLEGT devraient contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire l’usage abusif des permis de la CITES, en exigeant des pays de mettre en place des syst\u00e8mes de contr\u00f4le surveill\u00e9s par des agences gouvernementales et des v\u00e9rificateurs ind\u00e9pendants. Ces syst\u00e8mes ne sont toutefois pas encore op\u00e9rationnels, selon Mme Reeve.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Afin de veiller \u00e0 ce que les syst\u00e8mes du R\u00e8glement commercial de l’UE et de la CITES se renforcent mutuellement, les autorit\u00e9s responsables de leur application dans les diff\u00e9rents pays europ\u00e9ens doivent partager et comparer les informations, d\u00e9clare Mme Saunders. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les organes d’application de la CITES des diff\u00e9rents pays europ\u00e9ens partagent d\u00e9j\u00e0 une base de donn\u00e9es en ligne, EU TWIX<\/a>. Mme Saunders plaide pour un syst\u00e8me d’information combin\u00e9 entre les autorit\u00e9s de la CITES et du R\u00e8glement commercial de l’UE. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Elle et Mme Reeve font encore d\u2019autres recommandations telles que: noter les pays exportateurs de bois dont la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 des produits CITES est mise en question; prolonger les listes de la CITES pour y inclure des produits \u00e0 base de bois plus transform\u00e9s; adopter des lignes directrices coh\u00e9rentes pour d\u00e9terminer si le bois est \u00abl\u00e9gal\u00bb; \u00e9tendre les efforts aux pays asiatiques, dont un certain nombre a vu l’\u00e9mergence de nouvelles institutions de certification, dans le tra\u00e7age de produits ill\u00e9gaux. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En mettant en \u0153uvre certaines de ces mesures, avec des codes de conduite pour les commer\u00e7ants et des accords volontaires d\u00e9finissant le bois \u00abl\u00e9gal\u00bb plus clairement et \u00e9tablissant des syst\u00e8mes de surveillance dans les pays producteurs de bois, Mme Reeve affirme que \u00abvous verrez de moins en moins de bois ill\u00e9gal en vente dans l’Union europ\u00e9enne\u00bb. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets de cette recherche, veuillez contacter Rosalind Reeve \u00e0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>roz.reeve@gmail.com<\/a>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Le bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 ill\u00e9galement en Afrique, en Asie et en Am\u00e9rique latine continue d’\u00eatre vendu sur les march\u00e9s mondiaux, en d\u00e9pit des efforts internationaux visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire ce commerce. Les syst\u00e8mes internationaux doivent travailler plus \u00e9troitement ensemble s\u2019ils comptent contr\u00f4ler l\u2019afflux de ce commerce, selon un nouveau document de Chatham House, un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":23071,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,184],"tags":[1538,4384,1540,1542,1539,419,1541],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[831],"class_list":["post-23553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-value-chains-finance","tag-cites","tag-eu","tag-european-union","tag-eutr","tag-flegt","tag-illegal-logging","tag-vpa","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn rapport identifie des lacunes dans les garanties du commerce de bois - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23553\/un-rapport-identifie-des-lacunes-dans-les-garanties-du-commerce-de-bois\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un rapport identifie des lacunes dans les garanties du commerce de bois\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Le bois r\u00e9colt\u00e9 ill\u00e9galement en Afrique, en Asie et en Am\u00e9rique latine continue d’\u00eatre vendu sur les march\u00e9s mondiaux, en d\u00e9pit des efforts internationaux visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire ce commerce. 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