{"id":23525,"date":"2014-07-25T04:40:39","date_gmt":"2014-07-24T21:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23525"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:32:10","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:32:10","slug":"pour-definir-lavenir-des-forets-definissions-dabord-le-mot-forets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23525\/pour-definir-lavenir-des-forets-definissions-dabord-le-mot-forets","title":{"rendered":"Pour d\u00e9finir l’avenir des for\u00eats, d\u00e9finissions d’abord le mot \u00abfor\u00eats\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Paolo<\/a>
La for\u00eat dans la vall\u00e9e de Danum, \u00e0 Sabah en Malaisie. Mettre au point une d\u00e9finition des diff\u00e9rents types de for\u00eats peut permettre une meilleure analyse des compromis entre le d\u00e9veloppement et la gestion foresti\u00e8re. Photo: M. Edliadi\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Demain, la plupart des for\u00eats que nos enfants et petits-enfants visiteront seront tout sauf vierges. Est-ce que<\/span><\/span><\/span> ces for\u00eats satisferont aux besoins des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines, tels que les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques et la biodiversit\u00e9? Cela variera en fonction de notre compr\u00e9hension de ce qui constitue le \u00abstatut\u00bb d’une for\u00eat et l’intensit\u00e9 avec laquelle nous l\u2019exploitons ou la g\u00e9rons. Cependant, de nos jours nous n’avons toujours pas de point de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence commun qui pourrait nous permettre d’\u00e9tablir le statut des for\u00eats. Ce point de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence est indispensable, selon les associ\u00e9s du CIFOR Francis Putz et Claudia Romero dans un nouvel article de la revue <\/span><\/span><\/span>Biotropica<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/em>, afin que nous puissions aboutir \u00e0 des discussions significatives sur l’avenir des for\u00eats tropicales et des solutions potentielles de gestion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Putz et Mme Romero explorent l\u2019\u00e9tat des for\u00eats tropicales actuelles et futures, y compris celles qui seront conserv\u00e9es, restaur\u00e9es ou cr\u00e9es. Ils sugg\u00e8rent que nous \u00e9tablissons notre opinion sur les for\u00eats tropicales \u00e0 partir d’un \u00e9tat de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence id\u00e9al de \u00abfor\u00eats anciennes\u00bb, c’est \u00e0 dire des zones avec des arbres r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s naturellement et d\u2019un \u00e2ge d\u00e9passant l\u2019\u00e2ge des arbres dans les exploitations foresti\u00e8res \u00e0 but lucratif. \u00c0 partir de l\u00e0, les auteurs d\u00e9veloppent des analyses exactes et utiles de ce qu’on entend par \u00abd\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats\u00bb, \u00abreboisement\u00bb et \u00abrestauration\u00bb. Ils soulignent que les statuts et d\u00e9finitions de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence doivent \u00eatre suffisamment souples pour \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s aux changements environnementaux, culturels et sociaux. Toutefois, ils doivent \u00e9galement \u00eatre plus pr\u00e9cis qu\u2019ils ne le sont \u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Continuer \u00e0 utiliser le terme \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb pour d\u00e9crire une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de statuts, comme nous le faisons actuellement, va nuire aux efforts environnementaux futurs. Par exemple, les valeurs foresti\u00e8res naturelles sont mises en p\u00e9ril lorsque les d\u00e9cisions sur l’utilisation des terres sont guid\u00e9es par des analyses de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection qui distinguent seulement entre for\u00eat et non for\u00eat, et lorsque le terme \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb est d\u00e9fini uniquement sur la base du couvert arbor\u00e9. <\/span><\/span>Ces pratiques engendrent un faux sentiment d’accomplissement lorsque les for\u00eats, qui sont d\u00e9clar\u00e9es comme couvrant une partie substantielle des paysages tropicaux, ressemblent \u00e0 peine \u00e0 des for\u00eats \u00abanciennes\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour prendre des d\u00e9cisions pertinentes en mati\u00e8re de gestion, nous devons utiliser des cat\u00e9gories plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9es. Par exemple, sous la rubrique \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb, de nombreux analystes excluent les agrofor\u00eats riches en esp\u00e8ces, mais incluent les plantations d\u2019arbres \u00e0 croissance rapide, alors que les premi\u00e8res maintiennent plus de biodiversit\u00e9, fournissent davantage de services forestiers par le couvert arbor\u00e9 et par le stockage de carbone que les derni\u00e8res.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une fois que nous aurons \u00e9tabli et adopt\u00e9 un \u00ab statut \u00bb de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et que nous serons satisfaits de l’am\u00e9lioration des d\u00e9finitions, nous devrons nous concentrer sur les compromis. Ces derniers deviendront alors plus clairs et seront n\u00e9goci\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re plus efficace selon les diff\u00e9rents statuts des for\u00eats, \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et paysages. M. Putz et Mme Romero reconnaissent, par exemple, que l’expansion des plantations foresti\u00e8res va probablement se poursuivre, voire s\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer, au d\u00e9triment des for\u00eats naturelles. Cette expansion est due aux march\u00e9s \u00e9mergents, \u00e0 l’am\u00e9lioration de l’acc\u00e8s et de la gouvernance, aux nouvelles technologies, aux politiques environnementales perverses et \u00e0 une prise de conscience accrue quant aux opportunit\u00e9s commerciales associ\u00e9es. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Malheureusement, il existe des co\u00fbts financiers suppl\u00e9mentaires associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la gestion des plantations qui vise \u00e0 ce qu’elles ressemblent plus \u00e0 des for\u00eats naturelles. Afin d\u2019informer les futurs compromis sur cet enjeu, les auteurs d\u00e9fient les chercheurs \u00e0 s’efforcer de d\u00e9montrer, \u00e0 la satisfaction des gestionnaires de plantations, les avantages d\u2019une sylviculture plus \u00abproche de la nature\u00bb. Pour ce faire, il faudra que les d\u00e9fis op\u00e9rationnels et de marketing soient trait\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on ad\u00e9quate et\/ou que des m\u00e9canismes efficaces de compensation soient d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Des compromis \u00abculturels\u00bb devront \u00e9galement avoir lieu. Pour ne pas d\u00e9nigrer et ignorer les futurs forestiers, les programmes de formation foresti\u00e8re devront \u00eatre revigor\u00e9s, rajeunis et adapt\u00e9s pour r\u00e9pondre aux d\u00e9fis des \u00abnouveaux\u00bb paysages forestiers. Les forestiers doivent notamment \u00eatre \u00e9quip\u00e9s pour faire face \u00e0 la multitude des demandes et pour provoquer le passage de l’extraction du bois et des plantations d\u2019arbres \u00e0 une gestion responsable des plantations et for\u00eats. Cette \u00e9tape vers une diff\u00e9renciation de l’exploitation et de la gestion sera plus simple lorsque les compromis li\u00e9s \u00e0 l’utilisation des for\u00eats seront r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s, discut\u00e9s, n\u00e9goci\u00e9s et minimis\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les futurs forestiers devront \u00e9galement \u00eatre plus \u00ablocaux\u00bb qu\u2019actuellement. M. Putz et Mme Romero notent que tant que les programmes de conservation dans les tropiques sont d\u00e9finis, vendus et impos\u00e9s par des \u00e9cologistes extratropicaux, les for\u00eats tropicales resteront en danger. Les campagnes mondiales peuvent aider \u00e0 ralentir le rythme de perte des for\u00eats tropicales naturelles, mais au final ce sont les personnes qui vivent dans les r\u00e9gions tropicales qui forgent le destin de ces for\u00eats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019une bataille men\u00e9e uniquement par les forestiers. En fait, \u00e0 en juger par les citations fr\u00e9quentes des auteurs de points de vue de l’\u00e9conomie, la g\u00e9ographie, la sociologie et la science politique, la conservation des for\u00eats tropicales est et restera une entreprise interdisciplinaire et \u00e0 \u00e9chelles multiples. Pour qu’elle soit efficace, la gestion foresti\u00e8re doit devenir une strat\u00e9gie globale de conservation. Des approches \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle paysag\u00e8re sont n\u00e9cessaires pour \u00e9quilibrer le d\u00e9sir de profits provenant des terres et les nombreux b\u00e9n\u00e9fices locaux, r\u00e9gionaux et mondiaux qu\u2019apportent la protection des for\u00eats et une gestion \u00e9cologiquement rationnelle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour cela, politiciens et d\u00e9cideurs devront \u00e9galement changer de mentalit\u00e9 et accepter que les pratiques sylvicoles soient, d’une part, prescrites afin de favoriser certaines esp\u00e8ces, groupes fonctionnels ou formes de vie au d\u00e9triment des autres, et, d’autre part, elles puissent devenir des outils pour conserver les for\u00eats. Sur des sites marginaux pour l’agriculture, la gestion des for\u00eats naturelles pour des produits ligneux et non ligneux peut faire pencher la balance financi\u00e8re en faveur de la conservation foresti\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En revanche, cette balance penche fortement en d\u00e9faveur des for\u00eats quand il s\u2019agit de terres arables dans des zones accessibles. Les co\u00fbts d’option financiers de la non conversion de la for\u00eat pour d’autres utilisations des terres y sont trop \u00e9lev\u00e9s pour que les investisseurs, propri\u00e9taires et responsables gouvernementaux les acceptent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les auteurs nous rappellent par leur article que de nombreux facteurs vont continuer \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer le sort des for\u00eats, notamment les dynamiques des march\u00e9s, la disponibilit\u00e9 de la main-d’\u0153uvre, les politiques gouvernementales, la qualit\u00e9 de la gouvernance foresti\u00e8re, le r\u00e9gime foncier, l\u2019allocation des droits aux terres et aux ressources, ainsi que les valeurs culturelles. Ces facteurs interagissent de mani\u00e8re complexe avec les divers impacts du changement climatique et les nombreux effets de la mondialisation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, les pertes de for\u00eat naturelle peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9duites si les for\u00eats sont reconnues et appr\u00e9ci\u00e9es par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, si l’ensemble des usagers de la for\u00eat sont pris en compte lorsque des politiques concernant l’acc\u00e8s aux for\u00eats et leur utilisation sont formul\u00e9es et mises en \u0153uvre. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude de Biotropica a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e dans le cadre du projet Avenir des For\u00eats Tropicales de Production, financ\u00e9e par le <\/span><\/span><\/span>D\u00e9partement britannique pour le D\u00e9veloppement International<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/em> (DFID) et mise en \u0153uvre par le <\/span><\/span><\/span>Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/em> (CIFOR) et le <\/span><\/span><\/span>Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l’Agroforesterie (CRP-FTA)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Demain, la plupart des for\u00eats que nos enfants et petits-enfants visiteront seront tout sauf vierges. Est-ce que ces for\u00eats satisferont aux besoins des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines, tels que les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques et la biodiversit\u00e9? Cela variera en fonction de notre compr\u00e9hension de ce qui constitue le \u00abstatut\u00bb d’une for\u00eat et l’intensit\u00e9 avec laquelle nous l\u2019exploitons ou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":140,"featured_media":23444,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,1072],"tags":[1560,1559],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[1561,851,1562],"class_list":["post-23525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-landscapes","tag-definition","tag-primary-forest","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPour d\u00e9finir l'avenir des for\u00eats, d\u00e9finissions d'abord le mot \u00abfor\u00eats\u00bb - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23525\/pour-definir-lavenir-des-forets-definissions-dabord-le-mot-forets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pour d\u00e9finir l'avenir des for\u00eats, d\u00e9finissions d'abord le mot \u00abfor\u00eats\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Demain, la plupart des for\u00eats que nos enfants et petits-enfants visiteront seront tout sauf vierges. Est-ce que ces for\u00eats satisferont aux besoins des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines, tels que les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques et la biodiversit\u00e9? 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