{"id":23284,"date":"2013-02-04T13:44:00","date_gmt":"2013-02-04T13:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1108"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:38:51","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:38:51","slug":"reduction-de-la-pauvrete-et-role-du-revenu-provenant-des-forets-pour-les-populations-rurales-nouvelles-observations-provenant-dechine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23284\/reduction-de-la-pauvrete-et-role-du-revenu-provenant-des-forets-pour-les-populations-rurales-nouvelles-observations-provenant-dechine","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9\u00a0et r\u00f4le du revenu provenant des for\u00eats pour les populations rurales :  nouvelles observations provenant deChine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> Par <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/about-us\/cifor-scientific-staff-profiles\/detail-profile\/staff\/002905.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Louis Putzel<\/a><br \/>\n Senior Scientist, Forests and Environment Programme, <a href=\"\/\/cifor.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Center for International Forestry Research <\/a> <\/p>\n<p>\nPratiquement un quart de la population mondiale d\u00e9pend des ressources foresti\u00e8res pour vivre. C&rsquo;est dire s&rsquo;il est important, pour le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique, de comprendre comment les for\u00eats peuvent am\u00e9liorer le sort des plus pauvres. Dans un <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0305750X12002549\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">article publi\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment dans <em>World Development<\/em><\/a>, Nicholas Hogarth et ses coll\u00e8gues montrent que les m\u00e9nages ruraux d&rsquo;une r\u00e9gion pauvre et recul\u00e9e des montagnes du Sud de la Chine tirent plus de 30&nbsp;% de leur revenu de la gestion de for\u00eats de plantation. Depuis 1994, l&rsquo;\u00c9tat chinois met en \u0153uvre un plan national de r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9 s&rsquo;articulant autour d&rsquo;un certain nombre de politiques importantes visant \u00e0 promouvoir les cultures foresti\u00e8res destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la commercialisation tout en augmentant la couverture foresti\u00e8re comme la superficie des terres foresti\u00e8res attribu\u00e9es aux m\u00e9nages ruraux qui en assurent la gestion. Depuis la cr\u00e9ation de programmes forestiers prioritaires il y a 15&nbsp;ans, dont le programme national Conversion de terres cultiv\u00e9es en for\u00eat, la Chine a acquis une exp\u00e9rience sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent et engrang\u00e9 une somme de connaissances consid\u00e9rables sur le reboisement et la promotion de d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s pour les produits forestiers en vue de r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p> Dans l&rsquo;ensemble, 75&nbsp;% des personnes interrog\u00e9es dans le comt\u00e9 de Tianlin situ\u00e9 dans la province du Guangxi, o\u00f9 Hogarth a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 son \u00e9tude de terrain, ont per\u00e7u une am\u00e9lioration de leurs conditions de vie dans les cinq&nbsp;ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l&rsquo;enqu\u00eate, am\u00e9lioration due en partie \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9volution des d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques pour les produits forestiers et agricoles ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 la croissance g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du revenu national. Dans ce comt\u00e9 de Tianlin, 80&nbsp;% des terres sont class\u00e9es comme for\u00eat et, au moment de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude, pratiquement la moiti\u00e9 de la population vivait avec moins de un&nbsp;dollar am\u00e9ricain par jour. Sur les 225&nbsp;m\u00e9nages interrog\u00e9s, la vente de produits forestiers constituait la source de revenu la plus importante (plus de 20&nbsp;%), alors que la part des cultures et des activit\u00e9s commerciales ne repr\u00e9sentait que 10&nbsp;%. Bien que la part du revenu provenant de la for\u00eat soit importante pour tous les m\u00e9nages, quel que soit leur niveau de revenu, cette part \u00e9tait significativement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e pour les m\u00e9nages les plus pauvres que pour ceux qui \u00e9taient un peu plus ais\u00e9s&nbsp;; plus les m\u00e9nages \u00e9taient pauvres, plus le revenu forestier \u00e9tait cons\u00e9quent. <\/p>\n<p> En examinant ces donn\u00e9es, Hogarth <em>et al<\/em>. r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que l&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9 vis-\u00e0-vis de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de la terre, de l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux emplois hors agriculture, comme les obstacles de nature \u00e9conomique et la fixation des prix emp\u00eachent les pauvres de profiter pleinement des march\u00e9s, surtout ceux du bois.&nbsp; <\/p>\n<p> La politique de la Chine en mati\u00e8re d&rsquo;attribution de terres devait permettre aux familles nombreuses de disposer de davantage de terre. Pourtant, dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, ce sont les m\u00e9nages les plus ais\u00e9s qui en ont le plus, tout en ayant des familles moins nombreuses. En valeur absolue, les 20 % des familles les plus riches gagnent trois&nbsp;fois plus gr\u00e2ce aux for\u00eats que les 20&nbsp;% des plus pauvres. Elles tirent aussi la plus grande partie de leur revenu d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s commerciales et gagnent des salaires substantiels, ce qui t\u00e9moigne que, dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon de population \u00e9tudi\u00e9, tout le monde n&rsquo;a pas les m\u00eames opportunit\u00e9s. Les donn\u00e9es indiquent que l&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00e0 Tianlin est clairement li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;attribution in\u00e9quitable de terres foresti\u00e8res et agricoles; les familles qui \u00e9taient dot\u00e9es de davantage de terres par personne \u00e9taient impliqu\u00e9es dans des activit\u00e9s lucratives, telles que l&rsquo;\u00e9levage de b\u00e9tail. De nombreux m\u00e9nages sont cependant laiss\u00e9s pour compte et ne sortent pas de la pauvret\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p> Bien qu&rsquo;une p\u00e9riode de 15&nbsp;ans soit suffisante pour permettre d&rsquo;appr\u00e9cier le changement et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer les premiers r\u00e9sultats des mesures prises par la Chine en faveur de la r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9 et des for\u00eats, il reste encore beaucoup \u00e0 faire. D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s Hogarth, bien d&rsquo;autres travaux de recherche et de d\u00e9veloppement sont n\u00e9cessaires pour am\u00e9liorer le bien-\u00eatre des pauvres des zones rurales, comme \u00e0 Tianlin ou dans d&rsquo;autres montagnes recul\u00e9es de la Chine o\u00f9 la pauvret\u00e9 reste fermement enracin\u00e9e. Les march\u00e9s du bois offriront de plus grandes opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques une fois que les peuplements auront l&rsquo;\u00e2ge d&rsquo;\u00eatre r\u00e9colt\u00e9s. Un meilleur ciblage des programmes de paiement en contrepartie de services forestiers et des efforts visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la mainmise des \u00e9lites locales sur les avantages de ces programmes devraient am\u00e9liorer le sort des m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faible revenu. Un partage plus \u00e9quitable de l&rsquo;ensemble de la superficie des terres y contribuerait \u00e9galement. Hogarth <em>et al.<\/em> indiquent qu&rsquo;on pourrait y parvenir pas forc\u00e9ment au moyen d&rsquo;une nouvelle r\u00e9partition des terres, mais \u00e9ventuellement par des programmes locaux de compensation, entre les m\u00e9nages, bas\u00e9s sur la taille des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s fonci\u00e8res des familles, sur le mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;une tentative faite dans une autre r\u00e9gion de Chine (Guti\u00e9rrez Rodr\u00edguez <em>et al.<\/em> 2012). <\/p>\n<p> Cette \u00e9tude fait partie des nombreux travaux r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans 24&nbsp;pays par le <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/pen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">R\u00e9seau Pauvret\u00e9 et Environnement (PEN<\/a>) du CIFOR. Elle livre des donn\u00e9es sur un th\u00e8me essentiel de la recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale&nbsp;: comment la r\u00e9attribution de terres foresti\u00e8res aux pauvres des zones rurales peut-elle contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9 et accro\u00eetre la productivit\u00e9 foresti\u00e8re globale. Cette \u00e9tude confirme que les for\u00eats peuvent jouer un grand r\u00f4le pour extraire les populations rurales de la pauvret\u00e9. Bien que la r\u00e9partition de la terre ne soit pas \u00e9quitable et que certaines familles soient laiss\u00e9es pour compte, elle a permis de constater que m\u00eame les parcelles bois\u00e9es de tr\u00e8s petite superficie dont s&rsquo;occupent les familles \u00e0 Tianlin \u00e9taient des facteurs importants de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique rural. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hogarth, N.J., Belcher, B., Campbell, B. and Stacey, N. (2012). The role of forest-related income in household economies and rural livelihoods in the border region of southern China. World Development, <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.10.010\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.10.010<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0305750X12002549\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0305750X12002549<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-23284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>R\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9\u00a0et r\u00f4le du revenu provenant des for\u00eats pour les populations rurales : nouvelles observations provenant deChine - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23284\/reduction-de-la-pauvrete-et-role-du-revenu-provenant-des-forets-pour-les-populations-rurales-nouvelles-observations-provenant-dechine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"R\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9\u00a0et r\u00f4le du revenu provenant des for\u00eats pour les populations rurales : nouvelles observations provenant deChine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hogarth, N.J., Belcher, B., Campbell, B. and Stacey, N. 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