{"id":23204,"date":"2014-07-09T20:25:49","date_gmt":"2014-07-09T13:25:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=23204"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:25:07","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:25:07","slug":"les-forets-rurales-soutiennent-des-activites-socio-environnementales-saines-scientifiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23204\/les-forets-rurales-soutiennent-des-activites-socio-environnementales-saines-scientifiques","title":{"rendered":"Les for\u00eats \u00abrurales\u00bb soutiennent des activit\u00e9s socio-environnementales saines \u2013 scientifiques"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"6417211191_e3d0843233_z\"<\/a>
La gestion des for\u00eats rurales repose sur des pratiques complexes visant \u00e0 domestiquer des arbres, des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et des paysages pour servir les besoins humains, selon des chercheurs du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. Photo:CIFOR\/Tim Cronin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 Les responsables politiques et les d\u00e9fenseurs de l’environnement n\u00e9gligent souvent l’importance des for\u00eats rurales, ainsi que les connaissances locales qui les ont soutenues durant des si\u00e8cles, selon un rapport, publi\u00e9 dans la revue Ecology and Society, sur la mani\u00e8re dont les politiques de d\u00e9veloppement durable ont affect\u00e9 les for\u00eats rurales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les for\u00eats rurales, ou domestiques, existent partout dans le monde, des pays temp\u00e9r\u00e9s aux r\u00e9gions arides et humides tropicales. Elles sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es par des populations locales dans le cadre de leurs activit\u00e9s agricoles et \u00e9conomiques, selon la revue. Cette derni\u00e8re pr\u00e9sente huit \u00e9tudes sur les for\u00eats rurales en France, au Maroc, en Asie du Sud-Est et en Afrique, financ\u00e9es par le projet de Politiques Publiques et Gestions Paysannes de l\u2019Arbre et de la For\u00eat (POPULAR).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les for\u00eats rurales sont affect\u00e9es par les politiques et r\u00e8glements forestiers nationaux. Cependant, les politiques d’Etat n\u2019int\u00e8grent souvent pas ce que les chercheurs appellent la \u00ablogique des for\u00eats rurales\u00bb, soutiennent les chercheurs dans une \u00e9tude intitul\u00e9e \u00abLes politiques publiques et la gestion des for\u00eats rurales: alliance durable ou dialogue de dupes?<\/a>\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes personnes vivant dans les for\u00eats rurales ont une mani\u00e8re particuli\u00e8re d’envisager des syst\u00e8mes de production et de subsistance, et de cr\u00e9er une alliance entre les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes forestiers et l’agriculture\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Genevi\u00e8ve Michon, une scientifique de l’Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (IRD) qui a men\u00e9 des recherches sur la r\u00e9silience de plusieurs for\u00eats nationales \u00e0 travers le monde (en se basant sur les ch\u00e2taigniers de Corse en France; les arganiers au Maroc; et les agrofor\u00eats en Indon\u00e9sie). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Contrairement \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation moderne de la domestication de la nature en faveur de la production, les populations rurales n\u2019instaurent pas de distinction claire entre \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb et \u00abagriculture\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

LA LOGIQUE DES FOR\u00caTS RURALES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La gestion des for\u00eats rurales repose sur des pratiques complexes visant \u00e0 domestiquer des arbres, \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et paysages pour servir les besoins humains, d\u00e9clarent les chercheurs en citant des \u00e9tudes ant\u00e9rieures. Dans ce processus de domestication, ils profitent de la dynamique naturelle de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, plut\u00f4t que de la combattre comme le fait l’agriculture conventionnelle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le ch\u00e2taignier, que Mme Michon<\/a> appelle \u00able plus humanis\u00e9 de tous les arbres forestiers europ\u00e9ens\u00bb est un exemple. Plus de quinze si\u00e8cles de domestication du ch\u00e2taignier, par greffage, n’ont pas effac\u00e9 les caract\u00e9ristiques sauvages de l’arbre: grande taille, vigueur et capacit\u00e9 de survivre sans les soins de l’homme. En outre, les for\u00eats de ch\u00e2taigniers comprennent des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s greff\u00e9es ainsi que des arbres sauvages.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La domestication est souvent invisible, ce qui cache les complexit\u00e9s de la gestion foresti\u00e8re en milieu rural et m\u00e8ne \u00e0 une mauvaise compr\u00e9hension de son importance, selon les chercheurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alors que certains arbres domestiques, tels que l’arganier au Maroc, semblent \u00eatre \u00absauvages\u00bb, les chercheurs soulignent qu’ils sont en fait soigneusement entretenus. Des recherches ant\u00e9rieures<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> ont montr\u00e9 que des populations locales cultivent une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de formes pour leurs for\u00eats: dans les p\u00e2turages, par exemple, des techniques telles que l’\u00e9lagage s\u00e9lectif peuvent aider ou entraver la recherche de nourriture des ch\u00e8vres.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les agrofor\u00eats en Indon\u00e9sie ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 de la plantation d’arbres sur des zones d\u00e9frich\u00e9es par br\u00fblis. Cette technique agricole consiste \u00e0 poser des incendies de mani\u00e8re itin\u00e9rante, afin de d\u00e9fricher et de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer la terre fertile pour pouvoir cultiver. Bien qu’elle ait \u00e9t\u00e9 domestiqu\u00e9e, la for\u00eat r\u00e9sultante ressemble \u00e0 un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me naturel ayant une canop\u00e9e haute, un sous-bois dense et des niveaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s de biodiversit\u00e9, le tout avec une intervention humaine minimale, explique Mme Michon.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

APPROCHE PAYSAG\u00c8RE <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Des recherches ant\u00e9rieures<\/a> montrent \u00e9galement comment les agriculteurs forestiers investissent davantage d’\u00e9nergie dans la domestication de paysages entiers, plut\u00f4t que de se concentrer sur des esp\u00e8ces individuelles. Cela comprend la construction de terrasses pour emp\u00eacher l\u2019\u00e9rosion de la terre et le ruissellement de l’eau, l’introduction de droits diff\u00e9renci\u00e9s divisant les for\u00eats en zones distinctes (telles que les vergers pour la production de fruits, des espaces d\u00e9di\u00e9s \u00e0 la recherche de nourriture et la production de bois) ou la diversification du paysage par des champs ouverts, parcelles foresti\u00e8res et arbres individuels.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCe type de gestion, o\u00f9 on fait un peu de tout et tout est optimis\u00e9, est probablement le meilleur exemple r\u00e9el de durabilit\u00e9. Toutefois, il est largement ignor\u00e9 par la foresterie commune\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Robert Nasi, chercheur chevronn\u00e9 au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR) qui a codirig\u00e9, avec Mme Michon, le projet POPULAR.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLorsqu\u2019elles sont livr\u00e9es \u00e0 elles-m\u00eames, les personnes vivant dans les for\u00eats rurales g\u00e8rent raisonnablement bien leurs ressources\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abLa fa\u00e7on dont elles le font ne correspond pas aux normes modernes de rationalisation de la production. N\u00e9anmoins, compte tenu des r\u00e9sultats sur le long terme, elles engendrent des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices \u00e9conomiques et sociaux importants pour les populations rurales. De plus, ces personnes sont capables de s\u2019adapter \u00e0 des changements. Par cons\u00e9quent, les for\u00eats rurales sont tr\u00e8s r\u00e9sistantes.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au cours des si\u00e8cles, les for\u00eats rurales ont surv\u00e9cu en d\u00e9pit de politiques nationales imposant l’agriculture intensive et la modernisation, selon l’\u00e9tude. Avec la crise \u00e9conomique mondiale, les gouvernements nationaux, et m\u00eame locaux, accordent n\u00e9anmoins plus d’attention aux for\u00eats rurales dans le cadre de strat\u00e9gies socio-environnementales et \u00e9conomiques proactives. Ceci n’am\u00e9liore pas toujours le sort des for\u00eats rurales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abEn Indon\u00e9sie, certaines ONG veulent prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats rurales pour des raisons de conservation, mais leurs politiques peuvent porter atteinte aux int\u00e9r\u00eats des populations locales en termes de limitation de l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la terre ou d\u2019interdiction des techniques d’agriculture itin\u00e9rante sur br\u00fblis, d\u00e9clare Mme Michon. L’approche des ONG est peut-\u00eatre moins extr\u00eame que celle des administrateurs forestiers, mais elle accorde toujours peu d’attention \u00e0 la logique des for\u00eats rurales.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Michon et M. Nasi sont optimistes : m\u00eame si les perceptions globales ne sont pas pr\u00eates \u00e0 changer brusquement, la mondialisation peut pr\u00e9senter de nouvelles perspectives pour appr\u00e9cier des for\u00eats rurales. Selon eux, les forestiers et les biologistes ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer les humains comme une partie valable de l’\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me forestier, plut\u00f4t que des envahisseurs. Les sp\u00e9cialistes en ethnoscience ont \u00e9galement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 placer les interactions entre les populations locales et les for\u00eats sous une lumi\u00e8re plus positive. De nouveaux mod\u00e8les de commerce et de consommation (certification environnementale, commerce \u00e9quitable, syst\u00e8mes d’indication g\u00e9ographique) peuvent \u00e9galement aider ces syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper leur propre logique, tout en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant du monde ext\u00e9rieur.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les enjeux abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Robert Nasi sur r.nasi@cgiar.com<\/a>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 Les responsables politiques et les d\u00e9fenseurs de l’environnement n\u00e9gligent souvent l’importance des for\u00eats rurales, ainsi que les connaissances locales qui les ont soutenues durant des si\u00e8cles, selon un rapport, publi\u00e9 dans la revue Ecology and Society, sur la mani\u00e8re dont les politiques de d\u00e9veloppement durable ont affect\u00e9 les for\u00eats rurales. Les for\u00eats […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":107,"featured_media":22138,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13,1072],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1141],"class_list":["post-23204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","category-landscapes","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes for\u00eats \u00abrurales\u00bb soutiennent des activit\u00e9s socio-environnementales saines \u2013 scientifiques - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/23204\/les-forets-rurales-soutiennent-des-activites-socio-environnementales-saines-scientifiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les for\u00eats \u00abrurales\u00bb soutiennent des activit\u00e9s socio-environnementales saines \u2013 scientifiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 Les responsables politiques et les d\u00e9fenseurs de l’environnement n\u00e9gligent souvent l’importance des for\u00eats rurales, ainsi que les connaissances locales qui les ont soutenues durant des si\u00e8cles, selon un rapport, publi\u00e9 dans la revue Ecology and Society, sur la mani\u00e8re dont les politiques de d\u00e9veloppement durable ont affect\u00e9 les for\u00eats rurales. 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