{"id":22856,"date":"2014-06-10T06:00:34","date_gmt":"2014-06-09T23:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22856"},"modified":"2018-02-07T11:03:38","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T04:03:38","slug":"un-scientifique-preconise-des-reponses-politiques-au-commerce-du-bois-entre-lafrique-et-la-chine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22856\/un-scientifique-preconise-des-reponses-politiques-au-commerce-du-bois-entre-lafrique-et-la-chine","title":{"rendered":"Un scientifique pr\u00e9conise des r\u00e9ponses politiques au commerce du bois entre l’Afrique et la Chine"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Les recherches du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale recommandent aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques de reconna\u00eetre la diversit\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les d\u2019entreprise chinois et africains pour parvenir \u00e0 un commerce du bois durable et socialement responsable. Photo:\u00a0CIFOR<\/a>\/Ollivier Girard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie – Selon la croyance populaire et internationale, les int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux de la Chine en Afrique seraient d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par cette nation puissante, avide de ressources naturelles pour alimenter ses besoins industriels nationaux et internationaux toujours croissants, sans \u00e9gard pour les co\u00fbts sociaux et environnementaux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un contre-r\u00e9cit sugg\u00e8re que les Etats africains devraient choisir leurs partenaires \u00e9conomiques en fonction de leurs propres int\u00e9r\u00eats. En outre, les nouvelles formes chinoises d’aide, de commerce et d\u2019investissements repr\u00e9sentent une bonne alternative aux mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement occidentaux qui ont \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 aborder efficacement la pauvret\u00e9 en Afrique. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En fait, une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de mod\u00e8les d’affaires et de r\u00e9seaux commerciaux relie le march\u00e9 chinois aux opportunit\u00e9s africaines d’investissement et d\u2019approvisionnement en ressources naturelles, selon la recherche.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR) et ses partenaires de recherche ont explor\u00e9 ces sujets afin de contribuer \u00e0 une meilleure compr\u00e9hension<\/a> de la relation Chine-Afrique, en particulier en ce qui concerne le march\u00e9 mondial du bois. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abL\u2019accroissement des int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques chinois envers l\u2019Afrique a provoqu\u00e9 une r\u00e9action \u201c\u00e0 sensation\u201d dans les m\u00e9dias internationaux, en particulier depuis la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie. Celle-ci se trouve d\u00e9sormais mod\u00e9r\u00e9e par une premi\u00e8re s\u00e9rie de recherches sur le terrain, d\u00e9montrant que les circonstances de la participation chinoise sont complexes et diff\u00e8rent grandement d’un endroit \u00e0 un autre\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Louis Putzel, scientifique chevronn\u00e9 au CIFOR. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl n’existe pas de r\u00e9ponse politique unique\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re intensive dans les pays c\u00f4tiers de l’Afrique tropicale, visant \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre plus particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 la demande chinoise de certaines esp\u00e8ces plus abondantes utilis\u00e9es pour fabriquer du contreplaqu\u00e9, la demande en bois dur \u00e0 valeur ajout\u00e9e est en train de pousser les activit\u00e9s d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re plus loin vers l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres africaines dans la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo et la Zambie. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abPour un certain nombre de raisons, ces zones sont moins \u00e9quip\u00e9es pour g\u00e9rer durablement leurs ressources foresti\u00e8res\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Putzel. \u00abLes perspectives politiques mises \u00e0 part, il est crucial de parvenir \u00e0 une meilleure compr\u00e9hension de la fa\u00e7on dont le commerce fonctionne et comment att\u00e9nuer les risques sociaux et environnementaux connexes.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La recherche, men\u00e9e entre 2011 et 2013 dans les pays forestiers tropicaux du bassin du Congo et ceux couvrant la savane bois\u00e9e de Miombo en Afrique orientale et australe, est r\u00e9sum\u00e9e dans une note<\/a> d’information notamment r\u00e9dig\u00e9e par le scientifique Xiaoxue Weng. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Elle recommande aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques de reconna\u00eetre la diversit\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e parmi les mod\u00e8les \u00e9conomiques chinois et africains, tout en tenant compte du r\u00f4le des entrepreneurs locaux africains et de la communaut\u00e9 internationale pour parvenir \u00e0 un commerce du bois durable et socialement responsable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes entreprises op\u00e9rant au sein du march\u00e9 Chine-Afrique vont de grandes soci\u00e9t\u00e9s publiques chinoises \u00e0 des entreprises priv\u00e9es de toutes tailles, qui peuvent avoir leur si\u00e8ge en Afrique, en Chine ou totalement ailleurs \u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Putzel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abAucun ensemble de lois nationales, ni aucune convention sur le commerce ne peut couvrir seule toutes les sources potentielles de risques sociaux et environnementaux. Les lois actuelles r\u00e9gissant le commerce mondial du bois ne se pr\u00e9occupent certainement pas de la pauvret\u00e9 dans les pays producteurs de bois tropicau \u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abEn fait, les lois tendent \u00e0 exclure les acteurs plus pauvres ou \u00e9conomiquement marginalis\u00e9s de la participation aux activit\u00e9s financi\u00e8rement b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques\u00bb, poursuit-il. \u00abDans le m\u00eame temps, dans de nombreux endroits, l’extraction non contr\u00f4l\u00e9e ainsi que la surexploitation progressent rapidement.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/p>\n

La Chine est le plus grand importateur mondial de bois tropicaux. Selon la recherche, ce pays de 1,35 milliard d\u2019habitants a augment\u00e9 la proportion de ses importations de 35% en 2000 \u00e0 78% en 2009, ce qui fait du bois le troisi\u00e8me secteur d’exportation de l’Afrique, apr\u00e8s le p\u00e9trole et les minerais. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les quatre pays producteurs de bois sur lesquels le CIFOR a men\u00e9 la recherche, le Cameroun et le Gabon dans le bassin du Congo, le Mozambique et la Zambie dans la savane bois\u00e9e du Miombo, repr\u00e9sentent 40% des exportations de bois de l’Afrique vers la Chine en termes de valeur, qui \u00e9quivalait en 2012 \u00e0 543 millions de dollars, selon les statistiques Comtrade des Nations Unis<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abUn fait frappant, compte tenu des volumes du commerce de bois de l’Afrique vers la Chine, est le niveau extr\u00eamement bas des investissements chinois dans l\u2019industrie du bois africaine\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Putzel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCe fait est tr\u00e8s r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur: tant que le bois africain est disponible pour un bon prix, les entreprises vont le couper ou l\u2019acheter pour l’exp\u00e9dier en Chine. N\u00e9anmoins, l’investissement pouvant contribuer \u00e0 l’\u00e9conomie locale est une autre histoire. A ce jour, il est insignifiant, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de un ou deux endroits.\u00bb <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La recherche a abouti \u00e0 des recommandations: les gouvernements africains devraient s’associer avec des institutions chinoises pour explorer les moyens de renforcer la surveillance du commerce du bois, de renforcer l’application de la loi, d’inciter les districts \u00e0 prendre plus de responsabilit\u00e9s quant aux ressources locales, ainsi que de lutter contre la corruption parmi les fonctionnaires nationaux et locaux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Elle a constat\u00e9 qu’il faudrait accorder davantage d’attention \u00e0 l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 sociale, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la gestion des stocks forestiers et le d\u00e9veloppement de secteurs nationaux de transformation et de fabrication plus efficaces. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, selon M. Putzel, les investissements chinois pourraient \u00eatre tr\u00e8s b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La communaut\u00e9 internationale devrait reconna\u00eetre les limites de l’influence du gouvernement chinois sur les entreprises priv\u00e9es op\u00e9rant \u00e0 l’\u00e9tranger. Toutefois elle devrait continuer \u00e0 exiger de la Chine des normes \u00e9lev\u00e9es quant au suivi de ses propres importations, dit-il. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En attendant, \u00ables institutions chinoises, y compris les institutions de recherche et minist\u00e8res sectoriels, pourraient s\u2019int\u00e9resser davantage aux enjeux de la pauvret\u00e9 et des droits \u00e9conomiques li\u00e9s aux industries extractives en Afrique, gr\u00e2ce auxquelles la Chine importe des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res valant des milliards de dollars\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Putzel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe grand nombre de petits exploitants forestiers et de petites entreprises impliqu\u00e9s dans le secteur met tout particuli\u00e8rement en \u00e9vidence l’importance de consid\u00e9rer l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 sociale dans l’\u00e9laboration de politiques\u00bb, affirme M. Putzel.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de Recherche du CGIAR sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l’Agroforesterie.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie – Selon la croyance populaire et internationale, les int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux de la Chine en Afrique seraient d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par cette nation puissante, avide de ressources naturelles pour alimenter ses besoins industriels nationaux et internationaux toujours croissants, sans \u00e9gard pour les co\u00fbts sociaux et environnementaux. Un contre-r\u00e9cit sugg\u00e8re que les Etats africains devraient choisir leurs […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":22491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[161,13,1072,186,184],"tags":[322],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[989],"class_list":["post-22856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deforestation","category-governance","category-landscapes","category-production-forests","category-value-chains-finance","tag-africa","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn scientifique pr\u00e9conise des r\u00e9ponses politiques au commerce du bois entre l'Afrique et la Chine - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22856\/un-scientifique-preconise-des-reponses-politiques-au-commerce-du-bois-entre-lafrique-et-la-chine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un scientifique pr\u00e9conise des r\u00e9ponses politiques au commerce du bois entre l'Afrique et la Chine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie – Selon la croyance populaire et internationale, les int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux de la Chine en Afrique seraient d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par cette nation puissante, avide de ressources naturelles pour alimenter ses besoins industriels nationaux et internationaux toujours croissants, sans \u00e9gard pour les co\u00fbts sociaux et environnementaux. 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