{"id":22840,"date":"2014-06-05T06:00:33","date_gmt":"2014-06-04T23:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22840"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:32:50","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:32:50","slug":"lindonesie-a-besoin-de-donnees-credibles-pour-resoudre-les-incendies-de-foret-et-defis-demissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22840\/lindonesie-a-besoin-de-donnees-credibles-pour-resoudre-les-incendies-de-foret-et-defis-demissions","title":{"rendered":"L’Indon\u00e9sie a besoin de donn\u00e9es cr\u00e9dibles pour r\u00e9soudre les incendies de for\u00eat et d\u00e9fis d’\u00e9missions"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Les recherches men\u00e9es par le CIFOR\u00a0en 2013 sur les incendies de Sumatra ont indiqu\u00e9 que pr\u00e8s d’un quart des feux ont br\u00fbl\u00e9 au sein de plantations industrielles d’huile de palme et d’acacias\u00a0; tr\u00e8s peu ont eu lieu dans des for\u00eats naturelles. Photo: image NASA de\u00a0Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE\/EOSDIS R\u00e9ponse Rapide, Observatoire de la Terre de la NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Texte publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 5 d\u00e9cembre 2013.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

VARSOVIE, Pologne – Des informations pr\u00e9cises sur les causes des incendies de for\u00eat et sur la quantit\u00e9 d’\u00e9missions de carbone qu’ils produisent sont essentielles, si l’Indon\u00e9sie compte atteindre ses objectifs de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions, ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 des experts lors d’un \u00e9v\u00e8nement en marge des <\/span><\/span><\/span>r\u00e9unions de l’ONU sur le changement climatique \u00e0 Varsovie<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> en Pologne en d\u00e9cembre 2013.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Plus t\u00f4t dans l’ann\u00e9e, <\/span><\/span><\/span>des incendies ont travers\u00e9 des parties de l’\u00eele indon\u00e9sienne de Sumatra<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2013 des colonnes de fum\u00e9e ont travers\u00e9 l’\u00e9troit d\u00e9troit de Malacca et ont caus\u00e9 des niveaux records de pollution atmosph\u00e9rique \u00e0 Singapour et en Malaisie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Daniel Murdiyarso<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>, directeur de recherche au <\/span><\/span><\/span>Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> (CIFOR), soutient que <\/span><\/span><\/span>l’attention internationale des m\u00e9dias<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement doit se traduire par un financement de recherches plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9es – et un engagement du gouvernement indon\u00e9sien \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre le probl\u00e8me.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa fum\u00e9e est apparue au mauvais moment au mauvais endroit \u2013 elle a ainsi obtenu tr\u00e8s rapidement l’attention des m\u00e9dias\u00bb, affirme M. Murdiyarso. \u00abSi elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 souffl\u00e9e vers l’oc\u00e9an Indien, l’histoire aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 diff\u00e9rente.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lorsque les ministres de l\u2019Environnement de la Malaisie, du Singapour, de la Tha\u00eflande et du Brunei se sont r\u00e9unis en juillet pour discuter des incendies, ils ont <\/span><\/span><\/span>exhort\u00e9 l’Indon\u00e9sie \u00e0 faire plus<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> pour les g\u00e9rer.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

TRANSMISSION DE DONN\u00c9ES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Selon M. Murdiyarso, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une opportunit\u00e9 pour l’Indon\u00e9sie d\u2019investir dans des technologies qui permettront au pays de mesurer avec pr\u00e9cision les \u00abdonn\u00e9es d’activit\u00e9\u00bb et \u00abfacteurs d’\u00e9missions\u00bb – utilis\u00e9s pour \u00e9valuer les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dues \u00e0 la conversion des for\u00eats en terres agricoles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abC’est un processus n\u00e9cessaire depuis longtemps – nous devons informer la communaut\u00e9 politique par des donn\u00e9es pleinement cr\u00e9dibles\u00bb, ajoute M. Murdiyarso.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ceci donnerait \u00e0 l’Indon\u00e9sie davantage d’informations sur les causes et cons\u00e9quences des incendies; tout en permettant au gouvernement d’identifier des actions qui pourraient l\u2019aider \u00e0 atteindre son objectif de r\u00e9duire de 26% les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre d’ici 2020, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abVus l’ampleur et les causes des \u00e9missions de carbone li\u00e9es aux changements de l\u2019utilisation de terres, la solution est simple. Dans les tourbi\u00e8res, un seul feu peut produire <\/span><\/span><\/span>cinq \u00e0 six fois plus d’\u00e9missions de carbone<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> qu\u2019en d\u00e9frichant la m\u00eame superficie par d’autres moyens.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCela signifie que le gouvernement peut r\u00e9soudre les causes sous-jacentes des incendies relativement rapidement, en ayant un effet important sur les \u00e9missions et la pollution transfrontali\u00e8re.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les <\/span><\/span><\/span>recherches<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> du CIFOR sur les incendies <\/span><\/span><\/span>ont indiqu\u00e9<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>que pr\u00e8s d’un quart des feux du mois de juin ont br\u00fbl\u00e9 au sein de plantations industrielles d’huile de palme et d’acacias; tr\u00e8s peu ont eu lieu dans des for\u00eats naturelles. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, la recherche a soulev\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span>plus de questions<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>que de r\u00e9ponses.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

CAUSES COMPLEXES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe feu de cette ann\u00e9e est tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant car il ne s’est pas produit durant une ann\u00e9e d\u2019El Ni\u00f1o\u00bb, dit M. Murdiyarso, se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant au ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique qui <\/span><\/span><\/span>provoque g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des conditions s\u00e8ches dans une grande partie de l’Indon\u00e9sie<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les cultivateurs attendent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une longue p\u00e9riode de s\u00e9cheresse pour effectuer des br\u00fblis, selon M. Murdiyarso. Mais cette ann\u00e9e n’a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement s\u00e8che. \u00abIl doit donc y avoir autre chose qui les pousse \u00e0 br\u00fbler – peut-\u00eatre le march\u00e9 est tr\u00e8s attrayant pour planter rapidement des cultures agricoles, pour produire rapidement de la marchandise, afin de satisfaire la demande du march\u00e9.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abOn a tendance \u00e0 penser que les incendies sont accidentels, engendr\u00e9s par des facteurs biophysiques – mais la cause est souvent li\u00e9e au march\u00e9. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 socio-\u00e9conomique sur le terrain est beaucoup plus complexe que ce que nous pensions.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tandis que les voisins de l’Indon\u00e9sie ont subi les cons\u00e9quences de la fum\u00e9e, les incendies ont eu un impact plus important au niveau local – provoquant des probl\u00e8mes respiratoires chez les jeunes et les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, et affectant les moyens de subsistance, d\u00e9clare M. Murdiyarso.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les gouvernements locaux doivent \u00e9galement s’engager davantage dans la lutte contre le probl\u00e8me ; pas seulement en luttant contre les incendies, mais aussi en les pr\u00e9venant gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une bonne planification de l\u2019utilisation des terres, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abJ’esp\u00e8re que ces questions pertinentes au niveau local peuvent \u00eatre li\u00e9es aux initiatives mondiales, de sorte que les activit\u00e9s sur le terrain, aux niveaux local ou national, s\u2019accordent avec l’int\u00e9r\u00eat mondial de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Murdiyarso.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Farhan Helmy, secr\u00e9taire du Groupe de Travail sur l\u2019Attenuation au <\/span><\/span><\/span>Conseil National du Changement Climatique (DNPI)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>de l’Indon\u00e9sie, assure que le gouvernement indon\u00e9sien prend les incendies au s\u00e9rieux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Selon M. Helmy, le DNPI travaille depuis juillet sur un rapport complet concernant les facteurs et les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre provenant des incendies. Le rapport sera publi\u00e9 dans les semaines \u00e0 venir.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le DNPI vise \u00e0 partager le rapport avec les minist\u00e8res indon\u00e9sien comp\u00e9tents, ainsi que d’autres organisations int\u00e9ress\u00e9es, et \u00e0 ouvrir un dialogue sur le sujet entre les scientifiques et les d\u00e9cideurs politiques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abMon inqui\u00e9tude est que nous allons discuter de la m\u00eame chose l’ann\u00e9e prochaine – mais sans solution. Et tout ce que nous faisons est d’attendre l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de la pluie – nous aimerions avoir des solutions plus compl\u00e8tes \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Helmy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous devons mettre fin \u00e0 ce qui se passe de nos jours \u2013 \u00e7a suffit.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les enjeux abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Daniel Murdiyarso, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>d.murdiyarso@cgiar.org<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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Texte publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 5 d\u00e9cembre 2013. 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