{"id":22288,"date":"2014-05-12T06:00:30","date_gmt":"2014-05-11T23:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22288"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:50:38","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:50:38","slug":"bresil-un-programme-dincitation-a-la-preservation-procure-gains-environnementaux-et-economiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22288\/bresil-un-programme-dincitation-a-la-preservation-procure-gains-environnementaux-et-economiques","title":{"rendered":"Br\u00e9sil: un programme d’incitation \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation procure gains environnementaux et \u00e9conomiques"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"El<\/a>
Le programme Bolsa Floresta soutient la pr\u00e9servation de l’environnement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une combinaison de d\u00e9veloppement communautaire, de paiement pour des services environnementaux, prestation de services publics et soutien aux organismes communautaires, explique Sven Wunder, \u00e9conomiste principal au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. Photo: Fl\u00e1vio Jota de Paula<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

LIMA, P\u00e9rou – Un programme br\u00e9silien qui compense des familles pour conserver les for\u00eats s\u2019av\u00e8re prometteur pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation et aider les petits agriculteurs \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer leurs moyens de subsistance, selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude<\/a> co-parrain\u00e9e par le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR).<\/span><\/p>\n

Lanc\u00e9 en 2007 dans l’Etat br\u00e9silien de l’Amazonas, le programme Bolsa Floresta \u2013 \u00aballocation foresti\u00e8re\u00bb \u2013 pr\u00e9voit des paiements directs aux familles en \u00e9change de conservation, d\u00e9veloppement communautaire, services publics et soutien aux associations locales.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le programme s’adresse aux familles vivant dans les R\u00e9serves de D\u00e9veloppement Durable<\/a> du Br\u00e9sil pour permettre aux r\u00e9sidents de combiner l\u2019utilisation durable des terres et de la for\u00eat par le biais d\u2019un plan de gestion. En 2012, Bolsa Floresta a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 \u00e0 plus de 30 000 personnes dans et aux abords de 15 r\u00e9serves foresti\u00e8res couvrant plus de 10 millions d’hectares<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude, qui a analys\u00e9 l\u2019influence du programme dans deux r\u00e9serves, Juma et Uatum\u00e3, a constat\u00e9 que la plupart des participants -principalement des petits agriculteurs d\u00e9pendant fortement des ressources foresti\u00e8res- ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu’ils se portaient mieux qu\u2019avant le lancement de Bolsa Floresta. Les taux de d\u00e9boisement, bien que faibles d\u00e8s le d\u00e9part dans les for\u00eats recul\u00e9es o\u00f9 le programme est mis en \u0153uvre, ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9g\u00e8rement inf\u00e9rieurs dans ces r\u00e9gions que dans les r\u00e9gions environnantes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe transfert de fonds a aid\u00e9 de nombreuses familles \u00e0 couvrir les d\u00e9penses de base pour la nourriture et les v\u00eatements\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Jan B\u00f6rner du CIFOR, co-auteur de l’\u00e9tude. \u00abBeaucoup d’habitants ont \u00e9galement signal\u00e9 que les r\u00e9serves sont mieux prot\u00e9g\u00e9es contre les personnes de l’ext\u00e9rieur qui venaient p\u00eacher ou exploiter le bois ill\u00e9galement dans les r\u00e9serves.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ces r\u00e9sultats indiquent des possibilit\u00e9s de mesures d’incitation \u00e0 la conservation dans d’autres parties de l’Amazonie, qui font \u00e9galement face \u00e0 une pression de d\u00e9forestation due \u00e0 l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re et l’\u00e9levage, selon les chercheurs. Ils avertissent, cependant, que les programmes et mesures d’incitation fournies doivent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la situation particuli\u00e8re de chaque endroit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9serves Juma et Uatum\u00e3 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 choisies pour l’\u00e9tude d’impact car elles \u00e9taient parmi les premi\u00e8res \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre Bolsa Floresta et ont eu des taux de d\u00e9forestation plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que les autres r\u00e9serves au d\u00e9but du programme.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9serve Juma<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie en 2006 le long de la partie inf\u00e9rieure du fleuve Aripuan\u00e3, dans le sud-est de l’Amazonas, un an avant le d\u00e9but du programme Bolsa Floresta. Pr\u00e8s de 380 familles vivent dans cette r\u00e9serve de 5 900 kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s, dont environ 70% sont couverts de for\u00eat tropicale. La r\u00e9serve est \u00e9galement le site de l’un des premiers projets REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats) certifi\u00e9 dans l\u2019Amazonie br\u00e9silienne<\/a>. La r\u00e9serve Uatum\u00e3, install\u00e9e<\/a> en 2004 dans le nord-est de l\u2019Amazonas, s’\u00e9tend sur 4 200 kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s et abrite plus de 360 familles.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans chaque r\u00e9serve, des r\u00e8glements de zonage pr\u00e9cisent quelles terres peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour l’agriculture, ils limitent le d\u00e9frichage des for\u00eats matures et contr\u00f4lent strictement l’utilisation du feu. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le programme Bolsa Floresta renforce la conservation gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une combinaison de d\u00e9veloppement communautaire, paiement pour services environnementaux, prestation de services publics et soutien aux organismes communautaires, explique Sven Wunder, \u00e9conomiste principal au bureau br\u00e9silien du CIFOR et co-auteur de l’\u00e9tude. Les familles s’engagent \u00e0 respecter le plan de gestion de la r\u00e9serve et \u00e0 limiter la quantit\u00e9 de terres foresti\u00e8res converties pour l’agriculture. Elles doivent \u00e9galement participer \u00e0 une association locale et envoyer leurs enfants \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole, s’il y en a une \u00e0 proximit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe programme exige que les personnes respectent les r\u00e8gles et fassent un peu plus, et il les compense pour cet effort suppl\u00e9mentaire\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wunder.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chaque famille re\u00e7oit un versement d’environ 33$ par mois. Le non-respect des r\u00e9glementations pourrait entra\u00eener un avertissement ou une suspension des paiements. L’association locale re\u00e7oit un montant \u00e9gal \u00e0 10% des allocations familiales pour les activit\u00e9s en faveur des membres. Chaque communaut\u00e9 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie \u00e9galement d\u2019investissements dans des activit\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrices de revenus, conformes au plan de gestion de la r\u00e9serve, telles que la transformation de produits agricoles, les produits forestiers non ligneux, la pisciculture ou l’\u00e9cotourisme.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le gouvernement fournit un montant l\u00e9g\u00e8rement inf\u00e9rieur par famille pour les services publics, tels que les soins de sant\u00e9, l’\u00e9ducation, le transport et la communication. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans l’Etat de l’Amazonas le programme est g\u00e9r\u00e9 par la Fondation Amazonas Durable (<\/span><\/span>Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Amazonas Sustent\u00e1vel<\/i><\/span><\/span>, FAS<\/span><\/span><\/a>), qui a co-parrain\u00e9 l’\u00e9tude avec le CIFOR et le Centre de Recherches pour le D\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Bonn en Allemagne.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les niveaux de revenus mon\u00e9taires des familles dans les r\u00e9serves sont si bas que m\u00eame la petite allocation mensuelle devient un apport d’argent important, explique M. Wunder. Cela pourrait ne pas \u00eatre le cas dans un endroit qui serait mieux connect\u00e9 aux march\u00e9s, ou o\u00f9 la production de bois ou l’\u00e9levage de b\u00e9tail sont plus importants. Dans ces endroits, la taille et la combinaison des mesures incitatives devraient \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es aux situations particuli\u00e8res, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la d\u00e9forestation avait diminu\u00e9 d’environ 12% \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des r\u00e9serves que dans le reste de l’Etat de l’Amazonas depuis le d\u00e9but du programme Bolsa Floresta, entra\u00eenant probablement une diff\u00e9rence modeste d’environ 1500 hectares suppl\u00e9mentaires de for\u00eats pr\u00e9serv\u00e9es de la d\u00e9forestation. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les donn\u00e9es de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection fournies par le syst\u00e8me national de surveillance PRODES du Br\u00e9sil n’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 suffisamment d\u00e9taill\u00e9es pour surveiller la d\u00e9forestation \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle ou la d\u00e9gradation au sein des r\u00e9serves, indique l’\u00e9tude. Les chercheurs ont utilis\u00e9 CLASlite, un syst\u00e8me d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par l\u2019Institut Carnegie des Sciences<\/a>, pour des informations plus pr\u00e9cises.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abPour le type de d\u00e9forestation \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle qui domine dans les zones de Bolsa Floresta, il serait probablement toujours utile d\u2019utiliser des syst\u00e8mes de surveillance \u00e0 plus haute r\u00e9solution\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. B\u00f6rner. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un avantage cl\u00e9 de Bolsa Floresta est le soutien des efforts locaux de conservation qui aident \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les r\u00e9serves contre l’invasion par des personnes venant de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur, selon M. Wunder. Bien que beaucoup de personnes bl\u00e2ment les petits agriculteurs de d\u00e9fricher la for\u00eat, \u00abdans des r\u00e9gions \u00e9loign\u00e9es et peu peupl\u00e9es, domin\u00e9es par des petits exploitants ou des populations autochtones, la plupart du d\u00e9boisement se fait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement par des personnes venant de l’ext\u00e9rieur pour couper du bois ou d\u00e9fricher les terres afin d\u2019\u00e9lever du b\u00e9tail\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une r\u00e9serve avec des hommes \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur offre une protection contre ce type de d\u00e9boisement et Bolsa Floresta peut renforcer ceci en offrant une plus grande incitation \u00e0 la conservation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe programme est cens\u00e9 prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats des<\/em> populations locales, mais il prot\u00e8ge les for\u00eats au moins autant pour<\/i> les populations locales.\u00bb<\/span><\/span>, explique M. Wunder. \u00abCes personnes peuvent devenir les meilleurs alli\u00e9s de la pr\u00e9servation de l’environnement; et l’un des conseils apport\u00e9 par rapport aux ex\u00e9cutants \u00e9tait de lier davantage les r\u00e9compenses \u00e0 la surveillance active des forces externes d\u00e9gradantes par les populations locales.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur cette \u00e9tude, veuillez contacter Sven Wunder sur <\/b><\/span><\/span>s.wunder@cgiar.org<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9tude fait partie de l’\u00c9tude Comparative Mondiale du CIFOR sur la REDD+<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  LIMA, P\u00e9rou – Un programme br\u00e9silien qui compense des familles pour conserver les for\u00eats s\u2019av\u00e8re prometteur pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation et aider les petits agriculteurs \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer leurs moyens de subsistance, selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude co-parrain\u00e9e par le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). Lanc\u00e9 en 2007 dans l’Etat br\u00e9silien de l’Amazonas, le programme […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":21902,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,151],"tags":[1224],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[831],"class_list":["post-22288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-redd-2","tag-south-america","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBr\u00e9sil: un programme d'incitation \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation procure gains environnementaux et \u00e9conomiques - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22288\/bresil-un-programme-dincitation-a-la-preservation-procure-gains-environnementaux-et-economiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Br\u00e9sil: un programme d'incitation \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation procure gains environnementaux et \u00e9conomiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  LIMA, P\u00e9rou – Un programme br\u00e9silien qui compense des familles pour conserver les for\u00eats s\u2019av\u00e8re prometteur pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation et aider les petits agriculteurs \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer leurs moyens de subsistance, selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude co-parrain\u00e9e par le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). 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