{"id":22213,"date":"2014-04-28T06:00:51","date_gmt":"2014-04-27T23:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22213"},"modified":"2015-09-25T14:25:40","modified_gmt":"2015-09-25T07:25:40","slug":"les-experts-en-mangroves-poussent-pour-la-restauration-et-la-regeneration-des-cotes-biologiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22213\/les-experts-en-mangroves-poussent-pour-la-restauration-et-la-regeneration-des-cotes-biologiques","title":{"rendered":"Mangroves: les experts poussent pour la restauration et la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des c\u00f4tes biologiques"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de mangroves, combin\u00e9s \u00e0 des sols peu oxyg\u00e9n\u00e9s et gorg\u00e9s d’eau, ont le potentiel de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions causant le r\u00e9chauffement climatique, selon Daniel Murdiyarso, scientifique au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. Photo: CIFOR<\/a>\/Kate Evans<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie – Lorsque Ulva Takke a entendu dire qu’une entreprise \u00e9trang\u00e8re pr\u00e9voyait de mettre en place une mine de fer sur la petite \u00eele de Bangka dans la province de Sulawesi du Nord, elle s\u2019est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 d’autres r\u00e9sidents pour organiser une manifestation qui est arriv\u00e9e jusqu’\u00e0 la Cour supr\u00eame de l’Indon\u00e9sie. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Takke poss\u00e8de un <\/span><\/span>centre de plong\u00e9e<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> sur cette \u00eele d\u2019une superficie de 4800 hectares (ha). Elle est habit\u00e9e par moins de 3000 personnes et comprend un petit secteur touristique, ainsi que la p\u00eache, l’aquaculture et l’agriculture.<\/span><\/span> Bien que la communaut\u00e9 ait gagn\u00e9 son appel contre le projet d’exploitation mini\u00e8re, <\/span><\/span>des reportages de presse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> indiquent que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est en train de pr\u00e9parer le d\u00e9but des travaux. Une op\u00e9ration qui peut mettre des habitats vierges \u00e0 risque, notamment des for\u00eats de plaine tropicale, mangroves, marais d\u2019eau douce de sagou et r\u00e9cifs coralliens. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abSi c’est le cas, ce sera un grand d\u00e9sastre\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mme Takke. \u00abLes moyens de subsistance des p\u00eacheurs traditionnels et exploitants de noix de coco seront d\u00e9truits et de nombreuses personnes seront d\u00e9plac\u00e9es.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Takke a fait partie des plus de 100 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s qui ont examin\u00e9 des solutions face aux menaces pesant sur les mangroves de l’Indon\u00e9sie lors de la conf\u00e9rence \u00ab Restoring Coastal Livelihoods \u00bb (R\u00e9tablir les moyens de subsistance en milieu c\u00f4tier), organis\u00e9e par le <\/span><\/span>Mangrove Action Project<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (MAP) indon\u00e9sien et le <\/span><\/span>Programme d\u2019Adaptation et d\u2019Att\u00e9nuation Durables des Zones Humides<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (SWAMP) au <\/span><\/span>Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (CIFOR).<\/span><\/span> Cette r\u00e9union de trois jours a eu lieu dans le cadre d’un projet du m\u00eame nom financ\u00e9 par <\/span><\/span>l’Agence Canadienne de D\u00e9veloppement International<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (ACDI) et facilit\u00e9 par l’organisation non gouvernementale <\/span><\/span>Oxfam<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> dans 72 villages de la province de Sulawesi du Sud. Le projet s’est concentr\u00e9 sur la restauration des ressources intertidales c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, dont les mangroves, ainsi que sur l’am\u00e9lioration de la gestion de l’aquaculture et des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res agricoles.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

RECOURS \u00c0 LA RESTAURATION<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s ont discut\u00e9 sur les pr\u00e9occupations, <\/span><\/span>signal\u00e9es<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> par le MAP, indiquant que le Minist\u00e8re indon\u00e9sien des P\u00eaches envisage de convertir de vastes \u00e9tendues de mangroves pour augmenter la production aquacole.<\/span><\/span> Ces plans contredisent ceux du Minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, qui a mis en place une <\/span><\/span>strat\u00e9gie durable<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> pour la protection et l’utilisation des mangroves, selon Ben Brown, conseiller technique principal du MAP.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa politique concernant l’ensemble de la r\u00e9gion intertidale \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s peu claire. M\u00eame les politiques sur les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es n’\u00e9taient pas suffisantes – il y avait beaucoup de conversion et de d\u00e9gradation ill\u00e9gales, de sorte que m\u00eame dans les zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es n’importe qui pouvait \u00e9crire un permis pour convertir et changer les terres.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s ont travaill\u00e9 sur l’\u00e9laboration de strat\u00e9gies de collaboration afin d\u2019assurer que les communaut\u00e9s c\u00f4ti\u00e8res puissent n\u00e9gocier avec les repr\u00e9sentants du gouvernement, des universitaires et d’autres intervenants. \u00abLe message cl\u00e9 de ce s\u00e9minaire est que les agences gouvernementales sur les mangroves devraient \u00eatre renforc\u00e9es avec une plus grande implication des communaut\u00e9s\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Brown. \u00abNe n\u00e9gligeons pas ces agences en disant qu’elles ne fonctionneront pas \u2013 essayons plut\u00f4t de les renforcer et de leur fournir des outils clairs qui ne sont ni prescriptives ni trop simplistes.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Depuis 1980, l’Indon\u00e9sie a perdu plus de 26% de ses mangroves, qui ont diminu\u00e9 en superficie de <\/span><\/span>4,2 millions d’ha<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>3,1 millions d’ha<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>. Ceci est principalement d\u00fb \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation des \u00e9tangs aquacoles dans le cadre de l’<\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00e9volution bleue\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u00e0 la fin du 20<\/span><\/span>\u00e8me<\/span><\/sup><\/span> si\u00e8cle. Les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de mangrove sont appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s pour la production de crevettes, car ils sont inond\u00e9s deux fois par jour. Dans les zones intertidales entre terre et mer, et l’eau saum\u00e2tre cr\u00e9e un habitat id\u00e9al.<\/span><\/span> La scientifique Jurgenne Primavera, sp\u00e9cialiste des mangroves, bas\u00e9e aux Philippines, \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>l’Union International pour la Conservation de la Nature<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et \u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Zoologique de Londres<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, propose le recours \u00e0 des \u00abpaysages en mosa\u00efque\u00bb de protection pour aider \u00e0 r\u00e9tablir les c\u00f4tes d\u00e9grad\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abAu lieu qu’une entreprise vienne en disant qu’elle va produire une quantit\u00e9 inconnue de crevettes, elle devrait plut\u00f4t dire qu’elle va s\u2019int\u00e9resser \u00e0 l’ensemble de la communaut\u00e9 et aux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes – \u00e0 commencer par les mangroves\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mme Primavera.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00c9FENSE C\u00d4TI\u00c8RE<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les mangroves aident aussi \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res contre l’\u00e9rosion et les zones int\u00e9rieures contre les hautes vagues. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Depuis que le Typhoon Haiyan a frapp\u00e9 les Philippines en Novembre 2013 \u2013 en tuant plus de <\/span><\/span>6 200 personnes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u2013 les zones tampons c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, que peuvent fournir les mangroves, sont devenues une pr\u00e9occupation majeure, dit Mme Primavera. Elle ajoute qu’il existe de nombreux \u00e9tangs \u00e0 poissons abandonn\u00e9s qui pourraient \u00eatre reconvertis en mangroves.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aux Philippines, les c\u00f4tes sont presque enti\u00e8rement consacr\u00e9es aux \u00e9tangs \u00e0 poissons, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Primavera propose des barri\u00e8res littorales caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par une bande de mangroves et une for\u00eat c\u00f4ti\u00e8re, avec des \u00e9tangs d’aquaculture, des stations baln\u00e9aires et d\u2019autres d\u00e9veloppements dans la zone vers l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres, derri\u00e8re la zone c\u00f4ti\u00e8re tampon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abPour les Philippines, je propose une solide ceinture verte d\u2019un minimum de 100 m\u00e8tres constitu\u00e9e de mangroves et\/ou de for\u00eats c\u00f4ti\u00e8res\u00bb, d\u00e9clare-t-elle. \u00abUne ceinture verte permettra \u00e0 la fois de restaurer et maintenir le littoral, et de soutenir les producteurs de crevette qui tentent d’obtenir un <\/span><\/span>certificat<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> de crevette organique \u2013 comme l\u2019a <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9vu<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> le gouvernement vietnamien pour la p\u00e9ninsule C\u00e0 Mau au sud du pays\u00bb, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

MONT\u00c9E DES EAUX<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une autre menace en discussion, pesant sur les mangroves et zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, est la hausse du niveau des mers provoqu\u00e9e par le r\u00e9chauffement climatique global. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous ne savons pas quelle sera l’\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer \u2013 nous connaissons la direction qu\u2019elle prend, mais nous ne connaissons pas son taux et son ampleur\u00bb, d\u00e9clare <\/span><\/span>Dan Friess<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, professeur assistant \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Singapour qui mesure l’\u00e9l\u00e9vation de la surface des mangroves en Tha\u00eflande et \u00e0 Singapour afin d\u2019\u00e9tablir une base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLorsque une mangrove commence \u00e0 se d\u00e9grader, des arbres disparaissent et \u00e0 partir de ce moment l\u00e0 il est trop tard pour la sauver\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes mangroves ne sont pas statiques et peuvent tol\u00e9rer un certain nombre d’inondations, mais avec le temps elles peuvent se noyer. Ce que nous aimerions savoir est si nos mangroves ont la capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9agir \u00e0 quelconque taux d’\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer et comment nous pouvons g\u00e9rer une mangrove pour l’aider \u00e0 s\u2019adapter.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

DYNAMIQUES DU CARBONE<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de mangrove riches en carbone jouent un r\u00f4le crucial dans les strat\u00e9gies globales d’adaptation et d’att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique. Ils offrent non seulement un large \u00e9ventail de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques, mais la recherche indique qu’ils stockent \u00e9galement des quantit\u00e9s plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es de carbone que les autres types de for\u00eats, selon Daniel Murdiyarso, directeur de recherche au CIFOR.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

On estime que,<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> que, \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle mondiale, la d\u00e9forestation des mangroves g\u00e9n\u00e8re jusqu’\u00e0 10% des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre issues de la d\u00e9forestation, alors que les mangroves repr\u00e9sentent seulement 0,7% de la superficie des for\u00eats tropicales, selon M. Murdiyarso.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de mangroves, combin\u00e9s \u00e0 des sols peu oxyg\u00e9n\u00e9s et gorg\u00e9s d’eau, ont le potentiel de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions causant le r\u00e9chauffement climatique\u00bb, dit-il. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Murdiyarso dirige SWAMP, un projet de collaboration du <\/span><\/span>Service forestier des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (USFS), de <\/span><\/span>l’Universit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Oregon<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et de <\/span><\/span>l’Agence Am\u00e9ricaine pour le D\u00e9veloppement International<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (USAID). SWAMP vise \u00e0 fournir des donn\u00e9es sur les zones humides afin de les utilis\u00e9es dans des programmes de d\u00e9veloppement favorisant la gestion durable des zones humides tropicales.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa conf\u00e9rence nous a donn\u00e9 l’occasion de d\u00e9montrer l’utilit\u00e9 de notre protocole, qui nous permet d’\u00e9valuer les stocks de carbone et ses dynamiques dans les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de mangroves intactes et d\u00e9grad\u00e9es\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Murdiyarso.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Daniel Murdiyarso sur d.murdiyarso@cgiar.org <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie – Lorsque Ulva Takke a entendu dire qu’une entreprise \u00e9trang\u00e8re pr\u00e9voyait de mettre en place une mine de fer sur la petite \u00eele de Bangka dans la province de Sulawesi du Nord, elle s\u2019est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 d’autres r\u00e9sidents pour organiser une manifestation qui est arriv\u00e9e jusqu’\u00e0 la Cour supr\u00eame de l’Indon\u00e9sie. Mme Takke […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":22205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,96,180],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[4212,3249,3075,3152,4214,3081,3252,4210,4213,4211],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[3000],"coauthors":[989],"class_list":["post-22213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-mangroves","category-mitigating-climate-change","language-francais","tag-francais-agence-americaine-pour-le-developpement-international","tag-francais-dan-friess","tag-francais-daniel-murdiyarso","tag-francais-indonesie","tag-francais-jurgenne-primavera","tag-francais-milieux-humides","tag-francais-swamp","tag-francais-union-international-pour-la-conservation-de-la-nature","tag-francais-universite-de-letat-doregon","tag-francais-universite-de-singapour","type-francais-nouvelles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMangroves: les experts poussent pour la restauration et la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des c\u00f4tes biologiques - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22213\/les-experts-en-mangroves-poussent-pour-la-restauration-et-la-regeneration-des-cotes-biologiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mangroves: les experts poussent pour la restauration et la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des c\u00f4tes biologiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie – Lorsque Ulva Takke a entendu dire qu’une entreprise \u00e9trang\u00e8re pr\u00e9voyait de mettre en place une mine de fer sur la petite \u00eele de Bangka dans la province de Sulawesi du Nord, elle s\u2019est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 d’autres r\u00e9sidents pour organiser une manifestation qui est arriv\u00e9e jusqu’\u00e0 la Cour supr\u00eame de l’Indon\u00e9sie. 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