{"id":22128,"date":"2014-04-22T06:00:15","date_gmt":"2014-04-21T23:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22128"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:48:33","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:48:33","slug":"un-rapport-sur-la-zambie-prone-les-controles-locaux-sur-le-charbon-et-commerce-de-bois","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22128\/un-rapport-sur-la-zambie-prone-les-controles-locaux-sur-le-charbon-et-commerce-de-bois","title":{"rendered":"Un rapport sur la Zambie pr\u00f4ne les contr\u00f4les locaux sur le charbon et commerce de bois"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"5594793434_3a3f44443f_z\"<\/a>
\u00abLes communaut\u00e9s rurales sont les gardiennes des for\u00eats et elles devraient avoir leur mot \u00e0 dire sur la mani\u00e8re d’utiliser leurs ressources\u00bb, dit Davison Gumbo, un scientifique bas\u00e9 en Zambie travaillant au CIFOR. Photo CIFOR<\/a>\/Jeff Walker<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (23 janvier 2013) – La gestion centralis\u00e9e des ressources foresti\u00e8res -notamment le charbon et le bois- n’a pas fourni des r\u00e9sultats positifs pour la Zambie. Elle a exacerb\u00e9 la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation de l’environnement tout en mettant en p\u00e9ril les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural, selon une <\/span><\/span><\/span>nouvelle \u00e9tude<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La recherche a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les zones de production \u00e0 long terme de charbon de bois sur les terres coutumi\u00e8res -o\u00f9 les contr\u00f4les traditionnels d\u00e9cident de qui a le droit de couper des arbres et assurent la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des for\u00eats apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9colte- pourraient servir de mod\u00e8les pour une production de charbon de bois durable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Largement bl\u00e2m\u00e9es d\u2019\u00eatre les principaux facteurs de la d\u00e9forestation en <\/span><\/span>Zambie, les productions de bois et de charbon de bois repr\u00e9sentent cependant une contribution importante aux moyens de subsistance en milieu rural, \u00e9crivent les chercheurs. Ils plaident pour un retour \u00e0 la gestion locale des for\u00eats, soutenu par des lois au niveau du district. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCeci commence par reconna\u00eetre que les communaut\u00e9s rurales sont les gardiennes des for\u00eats et elles devraient avoir leur mot \u00e0 dire sur la mani\u00e8re d’utiliser leurs ressources\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span>, d\u00e9clare Davison Gumbo, un scientifique bas\u00e9 en Zambie travaillant au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (<\/span><\/span><\/span>CIFOR<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’industrie est de plus en plus domin\u00e9e par les op\u00e9rateurs ill\u00e9gaux, qui profitent du manque de surveillance et de la d\u00e9livrance irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re de licences, selon l’\u00e9tude intitul\u00e9e \u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span>Les dynamiques du commerce de charbon de bois et de bois indig\u00e8ne en Zambie: Une \u00e9tude pr\u00e9liminaire dans les provinces de l’est, du nord et nord-ouest<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans le cas de l’extraction du bois, l’\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que, bien que la production et le commerce soient organis\u00e9s, les producteurs travaillent le plus souvent de fa\u00e7on ill\u00e9gale et la d\u00e9livrance de licences devrait \u00eatre d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

DEMANDE URBAINE<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Puisque <\/span><\/span><\/span>70% des m\u00e9nages<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> en Zambie d\u00e9pendent du charbon de bois comme combustible peu cher pour la cuisson et le chauffage, la demande pour le produit est \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Le charbon est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement fabriqu\u00e9 dans des fours en terre inefficaces.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La demande est le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans les centres urbains, selon l’\u00e9tude, qui cite des chiffres d’une <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e9tude ind\u00e9pendante sur l’\u00e9nergie<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> indiquant que 85% des m\u00e9nages de la capitale, Lusaka, utilisaient le charbon de bois, par rapport \u00e0 seulement 15% dans les zones rurales. Le taux de consommation de charbon de bois d\u2019un m\u00e9nage \u00e0 Lusaka a \u00e9t\u00e9 estim\u00e9 \u00e0 1,4 tonne par an, produite \u00e0 partir d’environ 8,8 tonnes de bois, selon le rapport.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La pauvret\u00e9 et les moyens limit\u00e9s de subsistance incitent la production de charbon en Zambie, o\u00f9 l’agriculture de subsistance est la principale utilisation des terres. Les taux de pauvret\u00e9 rurale dans les trois provinces \u00e9tudi\u00e9es se situent entre 72 et 79%, selon les <\/span><\/span><\/span>statistiques du gouvernement<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude pr\u00e9dit que la demande en charbon continuera \u00e0 augmenter \u00e0 mesure que l’urbanisation se poursuit en Zambie, \u00e0 moins que des alternatives abordables soient trouv\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En Zambie, une augmentation de la propagation des march\u00e9s vendant du charbon de bois sugg\u00e8re des niveaux plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s de la demande, selon l’\u00e9tude. Le travail de terrain effectu\u00e9 dans le cadre de la recherche a apport\u00e9 des preuves du commerce informel transfrontalier, bien que la pratique soit interdite. En cons\u00e9quence, certaines r\u00e9gions, en particulier celles proches des villes et routes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compl\u00e8tement d\u00e9bois\u00e9es, tandis que d’autres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9grad\u00e9es, les jeunes arbres y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 coup\u00e9s avant que la for\u00eat ait pu se r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude a conclu que \u00ables impacts de la production du charbon de bois ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exacerb\u00e9s par les contr\u00f4les r\u00e9duits, la surveillance limit\u00e9e et une application inefficace de la loi\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous avons \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 qu’une grande proportion de la superficie utilis\u00e9e pour la production de charbon a le potentiel de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration rapide des for\u00eats, en particulier avec une bonne gestion post-r\u00e9colte, mais malheureusement aucun programme gouvernemental visant \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la production n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Gumbo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans une <\/span><\/span><\/span>publication pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>, M. Gumbo et co-auteur Emmanuel Chidumayo signalent que dans l\u2019ensemble des tropiques -\u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle des paysages- la production de charbon de bois entra\u00eene souvent une d\u00e9gradation, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une d\u00e9forestation totale. Ceci renforce la recommandation faite dans l\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9cente sur la Zambie de focaliser les efforts sur \u00abla restauration des zones ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9grad\u00e9es par la production de charbon de bois\u00bb. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D’autres recommandations comprennent notamment la production de charbon de bois durable, la gestion locale, le soutien aux femmes productrices, des fours plus efficaces et des po\u00eales \u00e9conomes en \u00e9nergie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

UNE PRODUCTION HORS LA LOI<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les stocks de bois commercial de la Zambie s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 340,1 millions de m\u00e8tres cubes, dont plus de la moiti\u00e9 pousse dans les trois provinces cibl\u00e9es par la recherche du CIFOR, selon les estimations de la <\/span><\/span><\/span>FAO<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’industrie du bois fournit de l’emploi significatif, puisque le bois indig\u00e8ne est utilis\u00e9 pour la construction en milieu rural, les exploitations mini\u00e8res, le mobilier et les menuiseries \u00e0 travers la Zambie – une proportion est \u00e9galement export\u00e9e en planches, selon le rapport. L\u2019exportation de rondins est interdite. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que, comme pour la production de charbon de bois, de nombreux producteurs de bois op\u00e8rent sans licence.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Entrav\u00e9 par une insuffisance du personnel et des ressources, le d\u00e9partement forestier national est dans l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 de faire respecter les lois visant \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler les ressources foresti\u00e8res, selon le rapport. D’apr\u00e8s certains indices, les stocks de bois diminuent dans les trois provinces, avec une diminution alarmante d\u2019esp\u00e8ces telles que le teck zambien (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Baikiaea plurijuga<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), un bois dur, dense et r\u00e9sistant aux termites, retenu par le <\/span><\/span><\/span>Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude a constat\u00e9 que de nombreux scieurs doivent se rendre \u00e0 Lusaka, la capitale zambienne, afin d\u2019obtenir des licences. Le rapport recommande que les licences soient disponibles localement et que les conseils et chefs de district s’impliquent davantage dans la gestion des for\u00eats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (23 janvier 2013) – La gestion centralis\u00e9e des ressources foresti\u00e8res -notamment le charbon et le bois- n’a pas fourni des r\u00e9sultats positifs pour la Zambie. Elle a exacerb\u00e9 la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation de l’environnement tout en mettant en p\u00e9ril les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural, selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude. La recherche […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":108,"featured_media":22129,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[161,173,95],"tags":[322],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1232],"class_list":["post-22128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deforestation","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-human-wellbeing","tag-africa","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn rapport sur la Zambie pr\u00f4ne les contr\u00f4les locaux sur le charbon et commerce de bois - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22128\/un-rapport-sur-la-zambie-prone-les-controles-locaux-sur-le-charbon-et-commerce-de-bois\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un rapport sur la Zambie pr\u00f4ne les contr\u00f4les locaux sur le charbon et commerce de bois\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (23 janvier 2013) – La gestion centralis\u00e9e des ressources foresti\u00e8res -notamment le charbon et le bois- n’a pas fourni des r\u00e9sultats positifs pour la Zambie. Elle a exacerb\u00e9 la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation de l’environnement tout en mettant en p\u00e9ril les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural, selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude. 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