{"id":22108,"date":"2014-04-16T06:00:17","date_gmt":"2014-04-15T23:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22108"},"modified":"2015-07-06T15:49:16","modified_gmt":"2015-07-06T08:49:16","slug":"tactiques-militaires-de-decentralisation-un-potentiel-dinnovation-pour-la-preservation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22108\/tactiques-militaires-de-decentralisation-un-potentiel-dinnovation-pour-la-preservation","title":{"rendered":"Tactiques militaires de d\u00e9centralisation: un potentiel d\u2019innovation pour la pr\u00e9servation?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00abLes d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 de l’engagement militaire sont souvent similaires \u00e0 ceux pos\u00e9s \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Edward Game, sp\u00e9cialiste de planification de la pr\u00e9servation \u00e0 The Nature Conservancy. Photo: CIFOR<\/a>\/Daniel Murdiyarso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Note de la r\u00e9daction :<\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>La pr\u00e9servation des for\u00eats sera un des th\u00e8mes discut\u00e9s lors du prochain <\/span><\/span><\/em>Sommet de l’Asie sur les For\u00eats<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, du 5 au 6 mai \u00e0 Jakarta en Indon\u00e9sie. Durant le Sommet, les intervenants examineront la gouvernance complexe des ressources fonci\u00e8res et foresti\u00e8res en Asie du Sud-Est et exploreront les moyens de fa\u00e7onner les institutions, les processus de d\u00e9cision et les r\u00e8gles dans le but de soutenir la durabilit\u00e9 des paysages. Cliquez <\/span><\/span><\/em>ici<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> pour lire la suite.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Les programmes de pr\u00e9servation devraient \u00eatre en mesure de mieux r\u00e9pondre aux d\u00e9fis croissants et souvent \u00abcomplexes\u00bb, associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation des for\u00eats du monde et \u00e0 la protection des moyens de subsistance, en examinant d’autres secteurs comme le militaire pour trouver des solutions nouvelles et innovantes, selon un <\/span><\/span>rapport r\u00e9cent<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abObserver des syst\u00e8mes complexes et leurs \u2018probl\u00e8mes pernicieux\u2019 associ\u00e9s a fait objet de recherches dans diff\u00e9rents domaines, notamment les math\u00e9matiques, l\u2019informatique, la psychologie, la gestion des connaissances, les \u00e9tudes militaires et \u00e9tudes commerciales\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Edward Game, sp\u00e9cialiste de planification de la pr\u00e9servation \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>The Nature Conservancy<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et auteur principal de l\u2019article intitul\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>La pr\u00e9servation dans un monde complexe et hasardeux: d\u00e9fis et solutions<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 de l’engagement militaire sont souvent similaires \u00e0 ceux <\/span><\/span>pos\u00e9s \u00e0 la <\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9servation\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abLes deux secteurs op\u00e8rent dans des environnements tr\u00e8s difficiles. Ils \u00e9chouent souvent \u00e0 obtenir le meilleur r\u00e9sultat en raison de pratiques standardis\u00e9es de gestion, qui entravent une prise de d\u00e9cision efficace et n\u2019incitent pas \u00e0 des solutions plus innovantes.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019<\/span><\/span>\u00e9tude<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, co\u00e9crite par deux associ\u00e9s principaux du <\/span><\/span>Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> (CIFOR), a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que, malgr\u00e9 une reconnaissance croissante au sein du secteur de pr\u00e9servation concernant la complexit\u00e9 de l’\u00e9quilibre entre la protection des for\u00eats et la limitation des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur les moyens de subsistance, les syst\u00e8mes de gestion et de pr\u00e9servation actuels et leurs pratiques connexes sont beaucoup mieux adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 fonctionner dans des syst\u00e8mes \u00absimples\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abComme la plupart des praticiens de la pr\u00e9servation et des scientifiques, nous abordons les probl\u00e8mes comme s’ils \u00e9taient un probl\u00e8me d’ing\u00e9nierie, avec des relations claires de cause \u00e0 effet et une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de trouver la \u2018meilleure\u2019 intervention\u00bb, explique M. Game.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En tant que tels, les syst\u00e8mes de gestion actuels ne sont pas toujours adapt\u00e9s pour faire face \u00e0 la grande majorit\u00e9 des d\u00e9fis mondiaux de pr\u00e9servation, qui surgissent dans des syst\u00e8mes socio-environnementaux complexes, ajoute-t-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La difficult\u00e9 est que beaucoup de ces probl\u00e8mes soi-disant \u00abpernicieux\u00bb n’ont pas de solutions simples, car chaque probl\u00e8me est <\/span><\/span>interconnect\u00e9<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et donc difficile \u00e0 isoler, selon le rapport.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, l’intensification agricole \u2013 l\u2019augmentation de la production des cultures sans accro\u00eetre la surface \u2013 est souvent consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un moyen de prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats et la biodiversit\u00e9, tout en am\u00e9liorant les moyens de subsistance et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire. Cependant, les engrais utilis\u00e9s pour augmenter la production agricole peuvent \u00e9galement repr\u00e9senter une menace pour la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Travailler efficacement dans des syst\u00e8mes complexes n\u00e9cessite donc un \u00abremaniement de la fa\u00e7on dont nous interagissons avec eux\u00bb, selon M. Game. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape est de reconna\u00eetre les limites des syst\u00e8mes actuels de gestion de la pr\u00e9servation. Ceux-ci utilisent souvent une approche uniforme, d\u00e9pendent trop de l’opinion \u00abd’experts\u00bb et ont recours \u00e0 une planification et des m\u00e9thodes de mise en \u0153uvre standardis\u00e9es qui prennent rarement en compte l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des nouvelles approches.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abPour le moment, les syst\u00e8mes de gestion actuels d\u00e9pendent d’une perception beaucoup plus simple de la r\u00e9ussite ou de l’\u00e9chec que ce n’est r\u00e9ellement possible. En outre, les financements et structures institutionnelles font qu’il est difficile pour des solutions locales et cr\u00e9atives de prosp\u00e9rer.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

APPROCHE MILITAIRE<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les organismes de pr\u00e9servation se concentrent donc beaucoup trop sur <\/span><\/span>la vente et mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019approches ou de strat\u00e9gies<\/span> <\/span>qu’ils utilisent, plut<\/span>\u00f4t que sur ce qu’ils essaient d’atteindre au final, dit M. Game, en ajoutant que les innovations du secteur militaire pourraient servir de mod\u00e8les solides sur lesquels baser des m\u00e9thodes de pr\u00e9servation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl existe de nombreux parall\u00e8les entre la gestion de la pr\u00e9servation et la prise de d\u00e9cision en temps de guerre\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Erik Meijaard, un des auteurs du rapport.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes connaissances en strat\u00e9gies asym\u00e9triques de guerre sont particuli\u00e8rement utiles, comme celles utilis\u00e9es par des groupes de gu\u00e9rilla qui, tout comme la pr\u00e9servation, ont tendance \u00e0 affronter un ennemi beaucoup plus puissant en choisissant strat\u00e9giquement les batailles et en maintenant leur soutien public.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes arm\u00e9es traditionnelles ont tir\u00e9 des le\u00e7ons de cela, mais la pr\u00e9servation n’est pas encore suffisamment \u00e0 jour.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, l\u2019organisation hi\u00e9rarchique de l’arm\u00e9e am\u00e9ricaine a \u00e9t\u00e9 restructur\u00e9e afin de soutenir les <\/span><\/span>processus de prise de d\u00e9cision plus d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>. Plut\u00f4t que de s’appuyer sur un organisme central de renseignement, l’arm\u00e9e a renforc\u00e9 la capacit\u00e9 des unit\u00e9s locales pour mieux analyser les donn\u00e9es par ceux qui sont les plus proches de l’action, dans le but d\u2019alimenter les strat\u00e9gies globales. Les militaires du Royaume-Uni et d\u2019Isra\u00ebl ont \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 d\u2019un <\/span><\/span>leadership partag\u00e9<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, en \u00e9tablissant des objectifs clairs de mission parmi les \u00e9chelons sup\u00e9rieurs et en confiant les d\u00e9cisions tactiques aux commandants locaux sur le terrain. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le rapport souligne que l\u2019approche \u00abascendante\u00bb a non seulement permis une r\u00e9ponse plus rapide aux d\u00e9fis militaires complexes, mais a \u00e9galement pourvu les dirigeants locaux de la <\/span><\/span>confiance n\u00e9cessaire pour explorer des solutions innovantes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, au lieu de s’inqui\u00e9ter de la conformit\u00e9 avec les meilleures pratiques. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En cons\u00e9quence, pour la pr\u00e9servation, des solutions \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes complexes pourraient \u00eatre trouv\u00e9s dans <\/span><\/span>la distribution du leadership<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et en tenant compte de la grande diversit\u00e9 de comp\u00e9tences et d’opinions parmi les employ\u00e9s. Afin de favoriser la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9, la diversit\u00e9 et l’innovation, il est particuli\u00e8rement n\u00e9cessaire de remettre en question les id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues sur ce que sont les \u00abmeilleures pratiques\u00bb du secteur.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous devons nous \u00e9loigner de notre point de vue tr\u00e8s ancr\u00e9 sur l’expertise de la pr\u00e9servation et \u00eatre plus transparents sur les compromis qui sont in\u00e9vitablement associ\u00e9s \u00e0 toute solution de pr\u00e9servation. J\u2019aimerais nous voir cesser d’utiliser avec d\u00e9sinvolture les termes de \u00abgestion adaptative\u00bb et de \u00absolution gagnant-gagnant\u00bb. J\u2019aimerais que les personnes \u00e0 tous les niveaux se sentent capable d\u2019apporter des nouvelles id\u00e9es\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Game.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le chemin est encore long chemin avant de contester les pratiques actuelles de pr\u00e9servation, affirme M. Game, qui est prompt \u00e0 souligner que les \u00abprobl\u00e8mes pernicieux\u00bb n\u2019ont pas de solutions simples ou \u00abbonnes\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous ne disons pas que les pratiques actuelles de pr\u00e9servation n’ont pas de valeur et nous ne sugg\u00e9rons pas non plus que les militaires emploient les tactiques \u2018correctes\u2019 ou que les concepts provenant d’autres secteurs vont r\u00e9soudre tous nos probl\u00e8mes. Toutefois, ceci \u00e9largit notre gamme d’options et nous aide \u00e0 explorer les diff\u00e9rentes possibilit\u00e9s sur le terrain qui peuvent aboutir \u00e0 de meilleurs r\u00e9sultats.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Terry Sunderland \u00e0 t.sunderland@cifor.org<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note de la r\u00e9daction : La pr\u00e9servation des for\u00eats sera un des th\u00e8mes discut\u00e9s lors du prochain Sommet de l’Asie sur les For\u00eats, du 5 au 6 mai \u00e0 Jakarta en Indon\u00e9sie. Durant le Sommet, les intervenants examineront la gouvernance complexe des ressources fonci\u00e8res et foresti\u00e8res en Asie du Sud-Est et exploreront les moyens de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":21945,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[213],"class_list":["post-22108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTactiques militaires de d\u00e9centralisation: un potentiel d\u2019innovation pour la pr\u00e9servation? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22108\/tactiques-militaires-de-decentralisation-un-potentiel-dinnovation-pour-la-preservation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tactiques militaires de d\u00e9centralisation: un potentiel d\u2019innovation pour la pr\u00e9servation?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Note de la r\u00e9daction : La pr\u00e9servation des for\u00eats sera un des th\u00e8mes discut\u00e9s lors du prochain Sommet de l’Asie sur les For\u00eats, du 5 au 6 mai \u00e0 Jakarta en Indon\u00e9sie. 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