{"id":22091,"date":"2014-04-14T11:54:00","date_gmt":"2014-04-14T04:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=22091"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:45:58","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:45:58","slug":"etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22091\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd","title":{"rendered":"Etude mondiale: d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s des initiatives REDD+"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Aerial<\/a>
La for\u00eat amazonienne. Neil Palmer\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Note de l’\u00e9diteur: <\/b>La REDD+ sera un th\u00e8me central des discussions lors du prochain <\/em>Sommet de l’Asie sur les For\u00eats<\/a>, les 5 et 6 mai \u00e0 Jakarta, en Indon\u00e9sie. Lors de ce Sommet, les intervenants examineront comment les initiatives REDD+ peuvent fournir des exemples de strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 faible \u00e9mission et contribuer au d\u00e9veloppement durable. Ils \u00e9tudieront aussi comment les activit\u00e9s REDD+ et les strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 faible \u00e9mission peuvent soutenir l’adaptation au changement climatique. Plus d’information <\/em>ici<\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2014 Il faut prendre des mesures pour clarifier les r\u00e9gimes fonciers dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement riches en for\u00eats et am\u00e9liorer la viabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique de REDD+. Sinon, on risque de mettre en p\u00e9ril les efforts d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation et limiter le changement climatique, sugg\u00e8re une nouvelle \u00e9tude bas\u00e9e sur 23 initiatives pour le carbone forestier. Des centaines d’initiatives pilotes visant \u00e0 tester la faisabilit\u00e9 de la REDD+<\/a>, ou R\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions li\u00e9es au d\u00e9boisement \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Mais avec l’accumulation d’obstacles et un accord sur le climat toujours \u00e9vasif, certains porteurs d’initiatives perdent leur enthousiasme pour la REDD+, selon une \u00e9tude dirig\u00e9e par le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. \u00abLes porteurs d’initiatives sont des groupes de personnes motiv\u00e9s et d\u00e9termin\u00e9s qui croient en ce qu’ils font pour prot\u00e9ger les for\u00eats\u00bb, affirme William Sunderlin, scientifique chevronn\u00e9 du CIFOR et principal auteur de Le d\u00e9fi d’\u00e9tablir REDD+ sur le terrain: zoom sur 23 initiatives infra-nationales dans six pays <\/i>(The Challenge of Establishing REDD+ on the Ground: Insights from 23 Subnational Initiatives in Six Countries<\/i>.<\/a>) \u00abMais ils font face actuellement \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis majeurs, dont les causes trouvent leur origine en dehors des fronti\u00e8res de leur projet, en particulier dans l’ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re et ce qu’on appelle ‘l’\u00e9conomie d\u00e9favorable’ de la REDD+\u00bb, dit Sunderlin. \u00abCes initiatives infra-nationales ont besoin d’un soutien plus s\u00e9rieux de la part des processus nationaux et internationaux pour cr\u00e9er des circonstances qui permettent \u00e0 la REDD+ de fonctionner comme pr\u00e9vu.\u00bb La REDD+ est apparue en 2007 comme un m\u00e9canisme prometteur pour ralentir un changement climatique anthropique en apportant des incitations financi\u00e8res pour maintenir les for\u00eats debout, sachant qu’elles absorbent le carbone de l’atmosph\u00e8re et que la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats contribue \u00e0 15% des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre. Par exemple, en Indon\u00e9sie, le troisi\u00e8me plus grand \u00e9metteur de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre mondial, plus de 75% des \u00e9missions proviennent de la conversion de for\u00eats en terres arables, agriculture et feu de tourbe<\/a> \u2013 ce qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 l’\u00e9mission d’environ 400 millions de voitures chaque ann\u00e9e. Ce qui rend la REDD+ <\/a>diff\u00e9rente des efforts pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents \u2013 et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement infructueux \u2013 pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation, c’est qu’elle se base sur des incitations financi\u00e8res conditionn\u00e9es par les performances. A l’origine, la REDD+ devait g\u00e9n\u00e9rer un flux de revenus en donnant une valeur financi\u00e8re au carbone. Les gestionnaires des for\u00eats recevaient alors une partie de ce revenu seulement \u00e0 condition d’avoir r\u00e9ellement obtenu des r\u00e9ductions d’\u00e9mission ou d’avoir augment\u00e9 le stock de carbone. \u00abLes incitations conditionnelles donnent \u00e0 la REDD+ un nouveau point de levier. Mais pour que ce syst\u00e8me fonctionne, il doit y avoir un flux de revenu clair et les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires potentiels doivent \u00eatre clairement identifi\u00e9s\u00bb, explique Sunderlin. \u00abNotre \u00e9tude montre que ces aspects sont particuli\u00e8rement faibles et c’est l\u00e0 qu’il faut porter notre attention.\u00bb<\/p>\n

<\/b>UN PAYSAGE CONTEST\u00c9<\/b><\/p>\n

L’ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re \u2013 le droit de poss\u00e9der, acc\u00e9der ou utiliser la terre \u2013 demeure le principal d\u00e9fi pour les porteurs de projet, constate l’\u00e9tude. \u00abLa REDD+ est \u00e9tablie dans des endroits o\u00f9 les r\u00e9gimes fonciers sont souvent flous et contest\u00e9s\u00bb, dit Sunderlin. \u00abMais le syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense REDD+ requiert de la clart\u00e9: qui poss\u00e8de les for\u00eats ou le carbone, qui est responsable de la r\u00e9duction d’\u00e9missions, et qui peut en r\u00e9clamer les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices?\u00bb Dans un sondage ant\u00e9rieur sur les villages de cinq pays<\/a> engag\u00e9s dans la REDD+, plus de la moiti\u00e9 des personnes ont r\u00e9pondu qu’au moins une partie de leur r\u00e9gime foncier n’est pas en s\u00e9curit\u00e9, et plus d’un cinqui\u00e8me n’a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 en mesure d’exclure les \u00e9trangers ind\u00e9sir\u00e9s. De plus, comme les probl\u00e8mes fonciers sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de port\u00e9e et d’origine nationales<\/a>, leur r\u00e9solution est souvent hors de port\u00e9e des porteurs de projet. Le d\u00e9fi, bien que redoutable, n’est pas insurmontable, note Sunderlin, alors que des r\u00e9formes fonci\u00e8res novatrices sont en train de prendre forme. En Indon\u00e9sie, par exemple, le gouvernement a lanc\u00e9 One Map Initiative<\/a> pour am\u00e9liorer le r\u00e9gime foncier et la planification de l’utilisation des terres, et l’an dernier, une d\u00e9cision de la Cour Constitutionnelle<\/a> a vis\u00e9 \u00e0 accorder aux peuples indig\u00e8nes des droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sur les terres.<\/p>\n

LE PLUS OFFRANT<\/b><\/p>\n

Mais pour que quelqu’un puisse en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier, la REDD+ doit d’abord g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des revenus. Au d\u00e9part, on envisageait que la source de revenu de la REDD+ provienne du commerce des cr\u00e9dits carbone sur les march\u00e9s du carbone<\/a>, mais elle a manqu\u00e9 son objectif. L’absence d’un accord international sur le climat contraignant pour amener des changements de r\u00e9glementation, un march\u00e9 du carbone faible et la domination continue d’int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques puissants ont sap\u00e9 les efforts pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer du revenu, selon l’\u00e9tude. \u00abSi vous imaginez que la REDD+ est un processus contraignant dans une vente aux ench\u00e8res, ceux qui pr\u00e9sentent l’offre la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e peuvent contr\u00f4ler l’utilisation des terres foresti\u00e8res. L’offre propos\u00e9e par de grandes entreprises agricoles surpasse souvent ce qui peut \u00eatre offert par la REDD+\u00bb, dit Sunderlin. \u00abCela pourrait changer si on \u00e9tablissait de nouvelles conditions \u2013 une combinaison d’assistance au d\u00e9veloppement, de fonds internationaux ou nationaux, ou un m\u00e9canisme bas\u00e9 sur le march\u00e9 \u2013 qui g\u00e9n\u00e8rerait un flux de revenus de la REDD+ et couvrirait les co\u00fbts de la renonciation \u00e0 une reconversion de la for\u00eat.\u00bb Le trou financier existant est estim\u00e9 de 15 \u00e0 48 milliards de dollars US pour 2020, avec l’apport de cr\u00e9dit carbone qui d\u00e9passerait de 13 \u00e0 39 fois la demande, selon to the International Forest Finance Project<\/a>. Des initiatives comme le California\u2019s cap-and-trade program<\/a> constituent l’espoir de pouvoir g\u00e9n\u00e9rer un revenu via le march\u00e9 du carbone, mais Sunderlin estime qu’\u00abil y a toujours un besoin urgent de quelque chose qui n’existe pas encore\u00bb. Cependant, la recherche qui braque le projecteur sur les d\u00e9fis et les solutions possibles, les d\u00e9veloppements positifs en cours et une envie croissante d’agir peuvent mener \u00e0 des ‘perc\u00e9es capitales’ en terme de solutions, ajoute-t-il. \u00abLes gouvernements sont de plus en plus conscients que les probl\u00e8mes fonciers et les \u00e9conomies de la REDD+ sont fondamentales et ont besoin d’\u00eatre r\u00e9solues rapidement\u00bb, dit Sunderlin. \u00abVous ne pouvez pas exclure la possibilit\u00e9 d’une am\u00e9lioration spectaculaire de la politique d’att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique dans les prochaines ann\u00e9es \u2013 simplement parce que les leader mondiaux ne peuvent plus se permettre d’ignorer le changement climatique\u00bb.<\/p>\n

<\/b><\/em>Pour plus d’information sur les ques<\/b>tions discut\u00e9es dans cet article, veuillez contacter <\/strong>William Sunderlin sur w.sunderlin@cgiar.org<\/a>. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em>Cette recherche a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e dans le cadre du <\/em>Global Comparative Study on REDD+ et <\/em>du <\/em>Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l\u2019agroforesterie<\/a>, avec le soutien de<\/em> NORAD, AusAID, DFID, la Commission europ\u00e9enne<\/i>, the Department for International Development Cooperation of Finland, et du David and Lucille Packard Foundation.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note de l’\u00e9diteur: La REDD+ sera un th\u00e8me central des discussions lors du prochain Sommet de l’Asie sur les For\u00eats, les 5 et 6 mai \u00e0 Jakarta, en Indon\u00e9sie. Lors de ce Sommet, les intervenants examineront comment les initiatives REDD+ peuvent fournir des exemples de strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 faible \u00e9mission et contribuer au d\u00e9veloppement […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":22081,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1048],"class_list":["post-22091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEtude mondiale: d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s des initiatives REDD+ - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22091\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Etude mondiale: d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s des initiatives REDD+\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Note de l’\u00e9diteur: La REDD+ sera un th\u00e8me central des discussions lors du prochain Sommet de l’Asie sur les For\u00eats, les 5 et 6 mai \u00e0 Jakarta, en Indon\u00e9sie. Lors de ce Sommet, les intervenants examineront comment les initiatives REDD+ peuvent fournir des exemples de strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 faible \u00e9mission et contribuer au d\u00e9veloppement […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/22091\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-04-14T04:54:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-07-07T04:45:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/GCS-blog-foto.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Imogen Badgery-Parker\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Imogen Badgery-Parker\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b432e2c85d34ce3bae91c0c84bc7a433\"},\"headline\":\"Etude mondiale: d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s des initiatives REDD+\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-04-14T04:54:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-07-07T04:45:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd\"},\"wordCount\":1399,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/04\\\/GCS-blog-foto.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Forests News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2014\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/22091\\\/etude-mondiale-defis-et-opportunites-des-initiatives-redd\",\"name\":\"Etude mondiale: d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s des initiatives REDD+ - 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