{"id":21939,"date":"2014-04-01T14:43:22","date_gmt":"2014-04-01T07:43:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=21939"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:48:35","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:48:35","slug":"des-lois-solides-peuvent-soutenir-le-developpement-durable-en-afrique-avis-dexpert","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/21939\/des-lois-solides-peuvent-soutenir-le-developpement-durable-en-afrique-avis-dexpert","title":{"rendered":"Des lois solides peuvent soutenir le d\u00e9veloppement durable en Afrique \u2013 avis d\u2019expert"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Dans de nombreux cas, les investisseurs contournent la loi lorsqu’ils sont impliqu\u00e9s dans des acquisitions de terres \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en Afrique sub-saharienne, affirme Andrew Wardell, directeur de recherche du portefeuille For\u00eats et Gouvernance du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. Photo: CIFOR<\/a>\/Ollivier Girard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

VARSOVIE, Pologne (version originale: <\/span><\/span>4 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Les acquisitions de terres en Afrique sub-saharienne sont en hausse et les tendances d’investissement changent, ce qui augmente la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’\u00e9liminer les \u00e9chappatoires fiscales et d’am\u00e9liorer les cadres juridiques, selon un scientifique de haut niveau en foresterie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Historiquement, ces op\u00e9rations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par les investissements des pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s de l’h\u00e9misph\u00e8re Nord vers des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement de l’h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud. N\u00e9anmoins, elles impliquent de plus en plus les investissements d\u2019une nation du sud vers une autre – en 2012 environ 1,9 billion de dollars d’investissements directs \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger ont eu lieu parmi les \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes, selon Andrew Wardell, directeur de recherche du portefeuille For\u00eats et Gouvernance du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa recherche montre que ce ne sont pas seulement les pays BRIC – Br\u00e9sil, Russie, Inde et Chine \u2013 qui se pr\u00e9cipitent \u00e0 acheter des terres, mais des pays tels que la Malaisie, l’Indon\u00e9sie et Singapour ach\u00e8tent dans des pays tels que l’Ethiopie, le Lib\u00e9ria, le Nig\u00e9ria, le Mozambique et le Gabon\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell lors d’un \u00e9v\u00e9nement en marge des n\u00e9gociations sur le climat des Nations Unies \u00e0 Varsovie, en Pologne fin 2013. L’\u00e9v\u00e9nement avait pour but de montrer comment un \u00e9tat de droit peut contribuer \u00e0 une action juste et responsable face au changement climatique. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’accent a peu \u00e9t\u00e9 mis sur la r\u00e9glementation de la qualit\u00e9 des investissements dans les secteurs de terres foresti\u00e8res et agricoles de la r\u00e9gion; ce qui a men\u00e9 des chercheurs du CIFOR, en collaboration avec l’Organisation Internationale de Droit du D\u00e9veloppement<\/a> (OIDD), \u00e0 proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen syst\u00e9matique des lois-cadres, dit M. Wardell. L\u2019OIDD, qui a co-parrain\u00e9 l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement parall\u00e8le avec la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo, aide les gouvernements et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile \u00e0 r\u00e9former des lois afin de promouvoir la paix, la justice, le d\u00e9veloppement durable et les opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous avons travaill\u00e9 avec des \u00e9tudiants en droit et le personnel des facult\u00e9s de droit en Tanzanie, au Mozambique et en Zambie afin de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un examen rigoureux et syst\u00e9matique des lois-cadres de base li\u00e9es aux investissements, aux terres et aux secteurs de la foresterie, de l’\u00e9nergie et de l’agriculture\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00c9SOLUTION DE PROBL\u00c8MES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires des recherches dans les trois pays confirment que, dans de nombreux cas, les investisseurs contournent la loi et n\u00e9gocient souvent avec ou par le biais des autorit\u00e9s traditionnelles, des hauts fonctionnaires, des parlementaires ou des entrepreneurs haut plac\u00e9s. Les investissements proviennent \u00e9galement de sources vari\u00e9es, y compris des banques, des fonds d’actions et de retraite, des compagnies, des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re et des particuliers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De nombreux pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne ont des lois d’investissement lib\u00e9rales et des incitations fiscales g\u00e9n\u00e9reuses, mais les lois r\u00e9gissant les droits coutumiers d’utilisation des terres et de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sont faibles. M. Wardell dit que la recherche vise \u00e0 identifier des pratiques l\u00e9gales et r\u00e9glementaires innovantes, qui pourraient fournir des le\u00e7ons \u00e0 d’autres pays.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous avons identifi\u00e9 un nombre assez important d\u2019impacts sociaux et environnementaux qui sont souvent associ\u00e9s \u00e0 ces investissements – souvent li\u00e9s \u00e0 la perte de l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la terre\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans les pays o\u00f9 des lois coutumi\u00e8res sont observ\u00e9es, il y a des acquisitions de terres \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle – impliquant parfois des centaines de milliers d’hectares de terres \u2013 ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 n\u00e9goci\u00e9es directement avec des chefs, compl\u00e8tement en dehors des cadres juridiques r\u00e9glementaires existants. Des lois contradictoires peuvent dissuader les initiatives \u00e0 faible intensit\u00e9 de carbone. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, des changements tr\u00e8s dynamiques surviennent concernant le droit, d\u00e9clare Robert Kubugi, un professeur de droit au Centre d’\u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures du droit de l’environnement<\/a> <\/span><\/span>et \u00e0 l’\u00c9cole de droit de l’Universit\u00e9 de Nairobi. Davantage de pays africains changent les constitutions, la gouvernance et les syst\u00e8mes de l’administration publique, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo est un exemple remarquable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans un pays o\u00f9 60% de la superficie totale est couverte par la for\u00eat<\/a>, selon les statistiques de la Banque mondiale, le bois de feu et le charbon de bois restent les sources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques dominantes pour les communaut\u00e9s rurales et urbaines, conduisant \u00e0 une augmentation du taux de d\u00e9forestation, explique M. Wardell. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le pays a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler en faveur de la protection de son environnement en mettant un accent renouvel\u00e9 sur la gestion foresti\u00e8re, cr\u00e9ant un nouveau code forestier en 2002, instituant des r\u00e9formes fiscales de concessions foresti\u00e8res en 2004 et entreprenant un r\u00e9examen juridique en 2011.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans de nombreux cas, les investisseurs contournent la loi lorsqu’ils sont impliqu\u00e9s dans des acquisitions de terres \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, affirme M. Wardell. Il ajoute que des exemples montrent que la Zambie et la Tanzanie ont adopt\u00e9 des approches novatrices pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 certaines de ces pr\u00e9occupations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La Zambie a mis en place un processus en deux \u00e9tapes pour la d\u00e9livrance de baux provisoires, qui sont assujettis au respect de certains crit\u00e8res de performance dans une p\u00e9riode de temps d\u00e9termin\u00e9e. Les innovations de la Tanzanie comprennent une loi sp\u00e9cifique sur les terres villageoises, l’introduction d\u2019un plafonnement sur la taille des baux et la dur\u00e9e pendant laquelle les baux sont valides.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

RECHERCHER DES SOLUTIONS<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats de recherche, qui seront publi\u00e9s dans les rapports nationaux \u00e0 venir et un article comparatif de revue, pr\u00e9senteront des pistes sur les enseignements \u00e0 tirer, afin d’\u00e9viter de r\u00e9inventer la roue dans chaque pays et chaque communaut\u00e9, d\u00e9clare Marie-Claire Cordonnier Segger, une experte juridique principale de l’OIDD, qui fournit \u00e9galement des conseils juridiques sur les trait\u00e9s internationaux sur le d\u00e9veloppement durable \u00e0 l’Organisation des Nations Unies et \u00e0 des gouvernements en Afrique, en Asie et dans les Am\u00e9riques. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous allons examiner les lois et les politiques qui aident \u00e0 renforcer des activit\u00e9s en visant les personnes engag\u00e9es dans l’\u00e9ducation; des politiques qui tiennent compte de la fa\u00e7on de sensibiliser aux droits, \u00e0 l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l’information et \u00e0 la participation du public. En outre, nous ciblons des politiques qui consid\u00e8rent le recours pour les victimes d’impacts et comment les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices peuvent \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et partag\u00e9s; des r\u00e8glementations qui tiennent compte des moyens de combiner les syst\u00e8mes juridiques coutumiers et formels, les r\u00e8gles d’utilisation des terres sur le terrain – \u00e0 la fois traditionnelles et formelles – et la fa\u00e7on dont elles travaillent ensemble\u00bb, dit-elle. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie et est soutenu par le D\u00e9partement britannique pour le d\u00e9veloppement international <\/a>(DFID).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Andrew Wardell \u00e0 a.wardell@cgiar.org<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

VARSOVIE, Pologne (version originale: 4 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Les acquisitions de terres en Afrique sub-saharienne sont en hausse et les tendances d’investissement changent, ce qui augmente la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’\u00e9liminer les \u00e9chappatoires fiscales et d’am\u00e9liorer les cadres juridiques, selon un scientifique de haut niveau en foresterie. Historiquement, ces op\u00e9rations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par les investissements des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":20556,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[173,13,1072,184],"tags":[322],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[989],"class_list":["post-21939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-governance","category-landscapes","category-value-chains-finance","tag-africa","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDes lois solides peuvent soutenir le d\u00e9veloppement durable en Afrique \u2013 avis d\u2019expert - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/21939\/des-lois-solides-peuvent-soutenir-le-developpement-durable-en-afrique-avis-dexpert\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Des lois solides peuvent soutenir le d\u00e9veloppement durable en Afrique \u2013 avis d\u2019expert\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"VARSOVIE, Pologne (version originale: 4 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Les acquisitions de terres en Afrique sub-saharienne sont en hausse et les tendances d’investissement changent, ce qui augmente la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’\u00e9liminer les \u00e9chappatoires fiscales et d’am\u00e9liorer les cadres juridiques, selon un scientifique de haut niveau en foresterie. 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