{"id":21514,"date":"2014-02-28T18:36:02","date_gmt":"2014-02-28T11:36:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=21514"},"modified":"2015-07-06T15:51:21","modified_gmt":"2015-07-06T08:51:21","slug":"prostate-prunus-et-politique-arbre-remarquable-etude-contestee-et-choix-difficiles-en-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/21514\/prostate-prunus-et-politique-arbre-remarquable-etude-contestee-et-choix-difficiles-en-perspective","title":{"rendered":"Prostate,\u00a0Prunus\u00a0et politique: arbre remarquable, \u00e9tude contest\u00e9e et choix difficiles en perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Prunus<\/a>
Des cultivateurs inspectent un Prunus africana<\/em> plant\u00e9 au Cameroun. Le potentiel de r\u00e9coltes durables de l’\u00e9corce de cet arbre fait l’objet d’un d\u00e9bat. Photo: Terry Sunderland\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 La source d’un m\u00e9dicament populaire pour traiter les troubles de la prostate fait l’objet d’un imbroglio, qui s’\u00e9tend des collines de l<\/span><\/span>‘Afrique centrale aux salles de Bruxelles.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Au centre de cette histoire: l’\u00e9corce d\u2019un arbre.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le Prunus africana <\/i><\/span>\u2014 mieux connu sous le nom de Prunier d’Afrique \u2014 est un arbre remarquable. De la m\u00eame famille que les roses, ce grand arbre tropical est aussi appel\u00e9 \u00abAfrican stinkwood\u00bb, en raison de son \u00e9corce \u00e2cre. On le trouve uniquement dans les for\u00eats de montagne \u00e0 haute valeur de conservation en Afrique et \u00e0 Madagascar<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019extrait de son \u00e9corce est utilis\u00e9 comme plante m\u00e9dicinale contre l’hypertrophie b\u00e9nigne de la prostate (HBP)<\/a>, un agrandissement de la prostate qui affecte de nombreux hommes d’\u00e2ge moyen dans le monde entier. Il existe d\u00e9sormais au moins 40 produits de marque<\/a> <\/span>utilisant l\u2019extrait d’\u00e9corce du <\/span>P. africana<\/i><\/span>. En 1997, la valeur du commerce des pr\u00e9parations \u00e0 base du <\/span>P. africana<\/i><\/span> a \u00e9t\u00e9 estim\u00e9e \u00e0 220 millions de dollars par an<\/a> <\/span>et pourrait m\u00eame \u00eatre plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e aujourd’hui. Au cours des 40 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la r\u00e9colte d’\u00e9corces du <\/span>P. africana<\/i><\/span> est pass\u00e9e d\u2019une utilisation de subsistance \u00e0 une utilisation commerciale \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en raison du commerce international croissant<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les pr\u00e9occupations croissantes<\/a> quant \u00e0 la durabilit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9colte d’\u00e9corces ont men\u00e9 en 1995 \u00e0 l\u2019inscription du <\/span>P. africana<\/i><\/span> sur l’Annexe II<\/a> <\/span>de la Convention sur le commerce international des esp\u00e8ces de faune et de flore sauvages menac\u00e9es d’extinction (CITES). Douze ans plus tard, l’Union europ\u00e9enne a interdit l’importation d\u2019\u00e9corces r\u00e9colt\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat sauvage au Cameroun en raison de preuves accablantes de non-durabilit\u00e9<\/a>. Cependant, avec la pression du secteur priv\u00e9 et du gouvernement camerounais, l’interdiction a \u00e9t\u00e9 lev\u00e9e en 2011 et des quotas ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablis pour les principales r\u00e9gions productrices.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>
Tronc d\u00e9nud\u00e9 d’un Prunus africana<\/em>\u00a0apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9colte, en Guin\u00e9e Equatoriale. Photo: Terry Sunderland\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La justification de la lev\u00e9e de l’interdiction a principalement \u00e9t\u00e9 bas\u00e9e sur le \u00abPlan de gestion du <\/a><\/span>Prunus<\/i><\/span><\/a>\u00bb, un rapport publi\u00e9 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture et command\u00e9 par le gouvernement camerounais, avec participation de plusieurs organismes de recherche, dont le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). N\u00e9anmoins, des scientifiques chevronn\u00e9s du CIFOR, ainsi que le personnel d’un organisme donateur majeur, ont depuis lors exprim\u00e9 leur inqui\u00e9tude sur le fait que ce plan ne tient pas compte de l’\u00e9cologie complexe de l’esp\u00e8ce<\/a> <\/span>et surestime le potentiel d’approvisionnement en \u00e9corce provenant de sources cultiv\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n

La faible gouvernance et les int\u00e9r\u00eats dans les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l’\u00e9corce du <\/span>Prunus <\/i><\/span>sugg\u00e8rent qu’il y a encore beaucoup \u00e0 faire pour que la r\u00e9colte sauvage de l’esp\u00e8ce puisse \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme durable, selon des scientifiques du rapport. Il y a \u00e9galement des pr\u00e9occupations sur la r\u00e9colte commerciale de l’\u00e9corce en raison de la biologie de cette esp\u00e8ce arboricole, dont la dur\u00e9e de vie est typiquement longue. Par exemple, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 aucune exploitation a lieu, la mortalit\u00e9 annuelle des arbres <\/span>P. africana<\/i><\/span> de plus de 10 cm de Diam\u00e8tre \u00e0 hauteur de poitrine (DHP, une mesure courante de la taille des arbres) est tr\u00e8s faible (environ 1% par an). Dans les populations sauvages exploit\u00e9es commercialement, les taux de mortalit\u00e9 des arbres<\/span> P. africana<\/i><\/span> de plus de 10 cm de DHP peuvent \u00eatre de 50 \u00e0 100 fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s<\/a> que le taux de mortalit\u00e9 naturelle dans les for\u00eats de montagne au Cameroun<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce sujet est riche en <\/span>enseignements sur le d\u00e9veloppement de politiques<\/span><\/a>, la gouvernance foresti\u00e8re et le commerce, d\u00e9clare un chercheur.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLe d\u00e9fi consiste \u00e0 trouver un juste \u00e9quilibre entre la demande commerciale pour l’\u00e9corce, les moyens de subsistance des populations locales et la ressource elle-m\u00eame\u00bb, explique Terry Sunderland, directeur scientifique au CIFOR. \u00abEt c’est l\u00e0 que demeure un \u00e9cart majeur entre la politique et la pratique.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9colte sauvage peut-elle continuer ?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Le P. africana <\/i><\/span>est non seulement menac\u00e9 par l’exploitation non durable, mais \u00e9galement par la perte globale de son habitat li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation. Par exemple, sur les hauts plateaux du centre de l’Ethiopie, la couverture foresti\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duite de 35 \u00e0 40%<\/a> \u00e0 la fin du 19<\/span>\u00e8me<\/span><\/sup> si\u00e8cle et s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 moins de 2,8% aujourd’hui. La perte des for\u00eats a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans les pays producteurs de <\/span>Prunus africana<\/i><\/span>, le Kenya, l’Ouganda, le Cameroun et Madagascar. <\/span><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9colte sauvage, est-elle la bonne voie pour l’avenir? Ceci est peu probable, si l’ont se sert des le\u00e7ons tir\u00e9es des exp\u00e9riences faites avec d\u2019autres \u00e9corces m\u00e9dicinales r\u00e9colt\u00e9es commercialement<\/a><\/span> pour le <\/span>Prunus africana<\/i><\/span>. Contrairement au <\/span>P. africana<\/i><\/span>, la plupart des esp\u00e8ces arboricoles produisant de l\u2019\u00e9corce exploit\u00e9e pour le commerce international ont fait leur transition de la r\u00e9colte sauvage \u00e0 la production provenant de sources cultiv\u00e9es (plantations ou syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers). Des agriculteurs camerounais ont plant\u00e9 des arbres, mais les taux de mortalit\u00e9 sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s et la majorit\u00e9 des arbres plant\u00e9s n’est pas suffisamment mature pour l\u2019exploitation commerciale, dit M. Sunderland.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
Cette photo montre la d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence et la senescence d’un Prunus africana<\/em>\u00a0cultiv\u00e9 \u00e0 Bioko en Guin\u00e9e Equatoriale. Photo: Terry Sunderland\/CIFOR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Malgr\u00e9 ces facteurs, certaines organisations internationales consid\u00e8rent toujours la r\u00e9colte du <\/span>Prunus africana<\/i><\/span> comme un mod\u00e8le durable qui peut \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9 ailleurs. Si cela se produit, il sera essentiel que les pr\u00e9occupations largement exprim\u00e9es<\/a> <\/span>concernant les recommandations sur les inventaires et la gestion soient bas\u00e9es sur des preuves solides, souligne M. Sunderland du CIFOR. Ceci est essentiel afin d\u2019\u00e9viter une situation o\u00f9 des \u00e9tudes contest\u00e9es tol\u00e8rent une exploitation continue au sein de zones de conservation foresti\u00e8re d’une importance mondiale.<\/span><\/p>\n

Des recherches sont actuellement en cours pour d\u00e9terminer la voie \u00e0 suivre pour l’exploitation du Prunus africana<\/i>, en tenant compte de la biologie de l’esp\u00e8ce, des quotas de r\u00e9colte, de la gouvernance et des arrangements de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, ainsi que du droit et de la politique internationaux.<\/span><\/p>\n

La prochaine \u00e9tape, selon M. Sunderland, est de d\u00e9terminer ce qui se passe r\u00e9ellement sur le terrain dans la phase actuelle de r\u00e9colte d’\u00e9corces et de tenter d’\u00e9valuer les impacts sur l\u2019esp\u00e8ce et sur les moyens de subsistance des personnes concern\u00e9es. Cette information sera ensuite directement inclue dans les processus politiques qui influent sur les contr\u00f4les sur l’exploitation de l’esp\u00e8ce, non seulement au Cameroun mais dans toute son aire de r\u00e9partition. <\/span><\/p>\n

Selon un expert, ce sc\u00e9nario illustre comment la foresterie peut contribuer au bien-\u00eatre humain, ind\u00e9pendamment de l’emplacement g\u00e9ographique et au-del\u00e0 des pr\u00e9occupations foresti\u00e8res conventionnelles. \u00abIl s\u2019agit d\u2019un bon exemple de la raison pour laquelle nous devons reconna\u00eetre la foresterie dans l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019agenda du d\u00e9veloppement durable<\/a>, plut\u00f4t que de la confiner \u00e0 des objectifs ou cibles forestiers isol\u00e9s\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Peter Holmgren, le Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du CIFOR. Dans le cas du <\/span>Prunus africana<\/i><\/span>, les arbres fournissent des bienfaits consid\u00e9rables pour la sant\u00e9. \u00abNous ne voulons pas mettre en p\u00e9ril ces b\u00e9n\u00e9fices issus des for\u00eats\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Holmgren. \u00abDans ce cas, un produit relativement rare peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des effets consid\u00e9rables sur la sant\u00e9, selon la fa\u00e7on dont les for\u00eats sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es.\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abDe telles situations montrent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’une approche de gestion plus globale allant au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res et des groupes de parties prenantes \u2013 une approche \u00e9tablie par des politiques qui sont fond\u00e9es sur les meilleures preuves disponibles.\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur ce sujet, veuillez contacter Terry Sunderland \u00e0 t.sunderland@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 La source d’un m\u00e9dicament populaire pour traiter les troubles de la prostate fait l’objet d’un imbroglio, qui s’\u00e9tend des collines de l‘Afrique centrale aux salles de Bruxelles. Au centre de cette histoire: l’\u00e9corce d\u2019un arbre. Le Prunus africana \u2014 mieux connu sous le nom de Prunier d’Afrique \u2014 est un arbre remarquable. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":212,"featured_media":21476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13,95,184],"tags":[322,25,333,47,382,326,381],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1083,6162],"class_list":["post-21514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","category-human-wellbeing","category-value-chains-finance","tag-africa","tag-agriculture","tag-cameroon","tag-conservation","tag-forest-management","tag-governance","tag-non-timber-forest-products","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nProstate,\u00a0Prunus\u00a0et politique: arbre remarquable, \u00e9tude contest\u00e9e et choix difficiles en perspective - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/21514\/prostate-prunus-et-politique-arbre-remarquable-etude-contestee-et-choix-difficiles-en-perspective\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prostate,\u00a0Prunus\u00a0et politique: arbre remarquable, \u00e9tude contest\u00e9e et choix difficiles en perspective\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie \u2013 La source d’un m\u00e9dicament populaire pour traiter les troubles de la prostate fait l’objet d’un imbroglio, qui s’\u00e9tend des collines de l‘Afrique centrale aux salles de Bruxelles. Au centre de cette histoire: l’\u00e9corce d\u2019un arbre. Le Prunus africana \u2014 mieux connu sous le nom de Prunier d’Afrique \u2014 est un arbre remarquable. 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