{"id":21227,"date":"2014-02-06T04:44:44","date_gmt":"2014-02-05T21:44:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=21227"},"modified":"2016-01-20T15:04:59","modified_gmt":"2016-01-20T08:04:59","slug":"degradation-quand-une-foret-cesse-t-elle-detre-une-foret","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/21227\/degradation-quand-une-foret-cesse-t-elle-detre-une-foret","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9gradation: quand une for\u00eat cesse-t-elle d’\u00eatre une for\u00eat ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\u201cLo<\/a>
\u00abDes for\u00eats qualifi\u00e9es de d\u00e9grad\u00e9es par certains peuvent ne pas l’\u00eatre pour d’autres\u00bb, explique Manuel Guariguata, un directeur scientifique du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). Photo: CIFOR\/Marco Simola<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

LIMA, P\u00e9rou (11 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Tandis que les pays r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissent \u00e0 des incitations pour ralentir la d\u00e9gradation de leurs for\u00eats tropicales, une question difficile et non r\u00e9solue persiste: qu\u2019est-ce exactement qu\u2019une for\u00eat d\u00e9grad\u00e9e?<\/span><\/p>\n

Les programmes qui offrent de telles incitations, tels que la REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et de la D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats), une initiative soutenue par l’ONU, doivent relever le d\u00e9fi des mesures pr\u00e9cises de la <\/span><\/span><\/span>d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

De nouveaux crit\u00e8res peuvent aider \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre ce probl\u00e8me.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa difficult\u00e9 est que, des for\u00eats qualifi\u00e9es de d\u00e9grad\u00e9es par certains peuvent ne pas l’\u00eatre pour d’autres<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Manuel Guariguata, un directeur scientifique au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl existe des centaines de d\u00e9finitions de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats, mais elles ne pr\u00e9cisent pas o\u00f9 se trouve le seuil qui diff\u00e9rencie ce qui est d\u00e9grad\u00e9 de ce qui ne l’est pas.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Guariguata et ses coll\u00e8gues cherchent \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre ce probl\u00e8me avec un ensemble de cinq crit\u00e8res servant de lignes directrices, que les gestionnaires forestiers et les planificateurs de l’utilisation des terres peuvent utiliser pour \u00e9valuer l’\u00e9tat de la for\u00eat et pour d\u00e9terminer si l’utilisation de ses ressources est durable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ces crit\u00e8res: une production \u00e0 long terme de biens et de services forestiers; la biodiversit\u00e9; les perturbations inhabituelles telles que les incendies ou les esp\u00e8ces envahissantes; le stockage du carbone; et la capacit\u00e9 de la for\u00eat \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les sols. En fonction des objectifs de gestion foresti\u00e8re, on peut accorder plus ou moins d’importance \u00e0 ces crit\u00e8res. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs d\u00e9crivent ces crit\u00e8res et la fa\u00e7on dont ils peuvent \u00eatre mesur\u00e9s dans un document intitul\u00e9 \u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span>Un cadre op\u00e9rationnel pour d\u00e9finir et surveiller la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>\u00bb, publi\u00e9 dans la revue <\/span><\/span><\/span>Ecology and Society<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous n’avons pas cr\u00e9\u00e9 une d\u00e9finition sp\u00e9cifique de la d\u00e9gradation, mais notre travail fournit des conseils sur la fa\u00e7on dont les planificateurs et les gestionnaires fonciers peuvent appliquer les diff\u00e9rentes dimensions de la d\u00e9gradation \u00e0 leur travail\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Guariguata.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les gestionnaires forestiers peuvent d\u00e9cider quels sont les crit\u00e8res les plus importants en fonction de leur situation, dit-il. Dans de nombreux cas, ils peuvent utiliser la <\/span><\/span><\/span>technologie de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, telle que les images satellites, afin de continuer \u00e0 surveiller l’\u00e9tat des for\u00eats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vers une d\u00e9finition<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le <\/span><\/span><\/span>Partenariat de collaboration sur les for\u00eats<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> propose une d\u00e9finition liant la d\u00e9gradation \u00e0 la perte de biens et de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques. Mais cette d\u00e9finition doit encore trouver un moyen de devenir op\u00e9rationnelle pour \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e par des gestionnaires de terres. Les cinq nouvelles lignes directrices visent \u00e0 combler cette lacune.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Puisque les for\u00eats stockent du carbone et sont une source de bois et de produits, tels que le carburant, les fruits et les noix, le premier crit\u00e8re pour mesurer la d\u00e9gradation est le degr\u00e9 de l’apport de ces produits et services, selon les chercheurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La capacit\u00e9 d’une for\u00eat \u00e0 produire du bois d\u2019\u0153uvre et de feu est jug\u00e9e par son \u00abvolume sur pied\u00bb – le volume de tous les arbres d’une hauteur et d’un diam\u00e8tre particuliers. La recherche montre qu’une diminution de ce volume au fil du temps, du nombre de certains types d’arbres ou encore de la r\u00e9colte de certains produits forestiers non ligneux, tels que les fruits ou les noix pourraient constituer d<\/span><\/span><\/span>es signes de d\u00e9gradation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le deuxi\u00e8me facteur est la biodiversit\u00e9 – essentiel, puisqu\u2019une large gamme de plantes, d’insectes, d’animaux, de champignons et d’autres \u00eatres vivants remplissent des fonctions cruciales dans les for\u00eats tropicales, telles que la dispersion de graines, la pollinisation, le contr\u00f4le des maladies et la d\u00e9composition, selon les auteurs. Ces fonctions sont souvent directement li\u00e9es \u00e0 la fourniture de biens et de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les gestionnaires de terres peuvent mesurer la biodiversit\u00e9 en surveillant les changements de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation et de certaines esp\u00e8ces importantes, comme les insectes et les oiseaux. Ils peuvent \u00e9galement surveiller la fragmentation des for\u00eats, un type de d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats pouvant entra\u00eener la perte d’habitats et d\u2019esp\u00e8ces – des animaux, des oiseaux, des insectes ou d’autres cr\u00e9atures – qui en d\u00e9pendent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Parfois, la d\u00e9gradation est plus \u00e9vidente – une for\u00eat peut \u00eatre marqu\u00e9e par des feux excessifs ou envahie par une plante exotique envahissante ou un insecte qui menace les esp\u00e8ces indig\u00e8nes. De telles \u00abperturbations inhabituelles\u00bb, qui peuvent \u00eatre aggrav\u00e9es par le changement climatique, constituent le troisi\u00e8me crit\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les for\u00eats ne sont pas seulement une source de produits, elles prot\u00e8gent \u00e9galement les sols et maintiennent l’humidit\u00e9 en r\u00e9gulant le d\u00e9bit de l’eau dans un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. En effet, les for\u00eats <\/span><\/span><\/span>lib\u00e8rent de l’eau dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> par les feuilles, par un processus appel\u00e9 \u00e9vapotranspiration, et contr\u00f4lent la mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019eau s\u2019infiltre dans le sol. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont fait de la r\u00e9tention le quatri\u00e8me crit\u00e8re et ont recommand\u00e9 de surveiller ce type de d\u00e9gradation en mesurant l’\u00e9rosion du sol et la quantit\u00e9 d’eau.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le cinqui\u00e8me crit\u00e8re de la d\u00e9finition de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats refl\u00e8te le r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 que jouent les for\u00eats tropicales dans le stockage du carbone, puisque les for\u00eats contiennent environ la moiti\u00e9 des stocks de carbone de la plan\u00e8te dans des arbres vivants et morts et dans le sol.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La d\u00e9gradation due \u00e0 la fragmentation des for\u00eats, due \u00e0 une r\u00e9duction de la taille des arbres ou du nombre d’esp\u00e8ces dans une for\u00eat peut lib\u00e9rer du carbone et limiter son accumulation future dans la for\u00eat. Les chercheurs recommandent de surveiller \u00e0 la fois le carbone stock\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9sence d’esp\u00e8ces d’arbres \u00e0 haute densit\u00e9, qui stockent la plupart du carbone a\u00e9rien dans les for\u00eats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour l’ensemble des cinq crit\u00e8res, la cl\u00e9 de la surveillance est d’avoir une base, ou un niveau de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, fiable pour pouvoir mesurer la d\u00e9gradation, dit M. Guariguata. Bien que le \u00abmod\u00e8le d\u2019excellence\u00bb soit une vieille for\u00eat intacte, il averti que les arbres seuls ne forment pas une for\u00eat fonctionnelle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl peut s\u2019agir d\u2019une tr\u00e8s belle for\u00eat ancienne, mais sans animaux en raison d\u2019une chasse excessive\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abDu point de vue de la structure de la for\u00eat, la for\u00eat n’est pas d\u00e9grad\u00e9e. Toutefois, il n’y a plus de semeurs de graines, d\u2019esp\u00e8ces de gibier ou d\u2019herbivores, et ceci finira par avoir un impact sur la structure de la for\u00eat.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un danger – et une des raisons pour laquelle les chercheurs ont \u00e9labor\u00e9 les crit\u00e8res pour mesurer la d\u00e9gradation – est que les d\u00e9cideurs politiques peuvent \u00eatre tent\u00e9s de d\u00e9laisser toutes les for\u00eats o\u00f9 une exploitation foresti\u00e8re ou autre activit\u00e9 a eu lieu, en pensant que puisqu\u2019elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00abd\u00e9grad\u00e9es\u00bb, elles sont devenues inutiles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela pourrait ouvrir la voie \u00e0 des constructions de routes, \u00e0 l’agriculture ou \u00e0 d’autres activit\u00e9s qui menacent encore davantage la survie de la for\u00eat, dit M. Guariguata.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCertains consid\u00e8rent qu\u2019une for\u00eat dite d\u00e9grad\u00e9e, n’est pas une bonne for\u00eat\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Ian Thompson, chercheur en \u00e9cologie foresti\u00e8re au <\/span><\/span><\/span>Service canadien des for\u00eats<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et co-auteur du rapport. \u00abSi vous utilisez des bonnes pratiques d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re pour r\u00e9colter du bois, vous ne retrouverez pas une for\u00eat ancienne, mais il s\u2019agira toujours d\u2019une for\u00eat productive. Nous voulions mettre fin \u00e0 ces id\u00e9es fausses et montrer qu’il existe beaucoup de dimensions associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En d’autres termes, une for\u00eat bien g\u00e9r\u00e9e, compte tenu de tous les crit\u00e8res, pourrait \u00e9galement servir de base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, ajoute M. Thompson.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Manuel Guariguata \u00e0 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>m.guariguata@cgiar.org<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LIMA, P\u00e9rou (11 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Tandis que les pays r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissent \u00e0 des incitations pour ralentir la d\u00e9gradation de leurs for\u00eats tropicales, une question difficile et non r\u00e9solue persiste: qu\u2019est-ce exactement qu\u2019une for\u00eat d\u00e9grad\u00e9e? Les programmes qui offrent de telles incitations, tels que la REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et de la […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":20649,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,151],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[831],"class_list":["post-21227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-redd-2","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9gradation: quand une for\u00eat cesse-t-elle d'\u00eatre une for\u00eat ? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/21227\/degradation-quand-une-foret-cesse-t-elle-detre-une-foret\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D\u00e9gradation: quand une for\u00eat cesse-t-elle d'\u00eatre une for\u00eat ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LIMA, P\u00e9rou (11 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Tandis que les pays r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissent \u00e0 des incitations pour ralentir la d\u00e9gradation de leurs for\u00eats tropicales, une question difficile et non r\u00e9solue persiste: qu\u2019est-ce exactement qu\u2019une for\u00eat d\u00e9grad\u00e9e? 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