{"id":20864,"date":"2014-01-14T06:00:32","date_gmt":"2014-01-13T23:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20864"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:27:47","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:27:47","slug":"le-couvert-forestier-peut-orienter-des-politiques-de-developpement-redd-efficaces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20864\/le-couvert-forestier-peut-orienter-des-politiques-de-developpement-redd-efficaces","title":{"rendered":"Le couvert forestier peut orienter des politiques de d\u00e9veloppement REDD+ efficaces"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Para<\/a>
Les auteurs d’un rapport ont identifi\u00e9 quatre types d’options politiques, en les jumelant \u00e0 des stades de transition foresti\u00e8re, sur la base de leur probable efficacit\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque stade. CIFOR\/Julie Mollins<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (14 janvier 2014) – L’ampleur et la vitesse du changement du couvert forestier d’un pays fournit un guide utile pour concevoir des politiques REDD+ sp\u00e9cifiques au contexte et efficaces, selon des chercheurs du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et de la D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats) est un syst\u00e8me d’att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique soutenu par l’ONU. Elle vise \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions mondiales de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre en cr\u00e9ant des incitations qui encouragent les gestionnaires des terres \u00e0 conserver, restaurer et g\u00e9rer durablement les for\u00eats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’exp\u00e9rience a montr\u00e9 que pour \u00eatre efficaces, les politiques REDD+ doivent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es aux circonstances sp\u00e9cifiques d\u2019un pays, affirme Arild Angelsen, associ\u00e9 principal du CIFOR et professeur d’\u00e9conomie \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 norv\u00e9gienne des Sciences de la Vie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abBeaucoup se demandent ce qu\u2019est une politique REDD+ appropri\u00e9e de pour un pays et la r\u00e9ponse est souvent: \u2018tout d\u00e9pend des circonstances nationales et locales\u2019. Ceci est bien s\u00fbr correct, mais ce n’est pas une r\u00e9ponse tr\u00e8s utile\u00bb, dit M.Angelsen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Afin de r\u00e9soudre la question du \u2018tout d\u00e9pend\u2019 et de fournir davantage d\u2019orientation politique, M.Angelsen et Tom Rudel, professeur d’\u00e9cologie humaine \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 Rutgers au New Jersey, ont \u00e9crit l\u2019article \u00abDesigning and implementing effective REDD+ policies: A forest transition approach\u00bb<\/a> (Concevoir et mettre en \u0153uvre des politiques efficaces de REDD+: Une approche de transition foresti\u00e8re), publi\u00e9 dans le journal <\/span><\/span><\/span>Review of Environmental Economics and Policy<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous disons que le \u2018cela d\u00e9pend\u2019 constitue l’\u00e9tape de transition foresti\u00e8re du pays ou de la r\u00e9gion\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M.Angelsen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl s’agit d’une cat\u00e9gorisation approximative, avec des variations locales, mais nous pensons que c’est tr\u00e8s utile.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Arbres en transition<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D’apr\u00e8s le cadre de transition foresti\u00e8re, l\u2019\u00e9tat de la for\u00eat d\u2019un pays ou d\u2019une r\u00e9gion <\/span><\/span><\/span>passent par trois \u00e9tapes principales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lors de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape, \u00abnoyaux forestiers\u00bb, un pays a un couvert forestier \u00e9lev\u00e9 et un faible taux de d\u00e9forestation; comme le Suriname et le Gabon par exemple.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le deuxi\u00e8me stade, \u00abfronti\u00e8res\u00bb, est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par une acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration du d\u00e9boisement et une diminution de la couverture foresti\u00e8re, l’Indon\u00e9sie en est un exemple.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les pays dans le troisi\u00e8me stade, \u00abmosa\u00efques de for\u00eat-agriculture\u00bb, ont perdu une grande partie de leurs for\u00eats anciennes, les for\u00eats et l’agriculture coexistent dans le m\u00eame paysage, et des activit\u00e9s de reboisement ont souvent lieu \u00e0 ce stade; comme au El Salvador et en C\u00f4te d’Ivoire.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes mesures incitatives devraient \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es aux \u00e9tats des for\u00eats et le cadre de transition foresti\u00e8re peut aider \u00e0 les guider\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M.Angelsen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une caract\u00e9ristique utile du cadre est que les pays regroup\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale dans les diff\u00e9rents stades ont de nombreuses caract\u00e9ristiques en commun, selon l’analyse de M.Angelsen et M.Rudel. Ceci signifie que les changements de la couverture terrestre, le contenu de la politique foresti\u00e8re et la capacit\u00e9 de mettre en \u0153uvre de nouvelles politiques varient selon le stade de transition foresti\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En outre, la densit\u00e9 de population, les caract\u00e9ristiques sociales et la gouvernance changent tout au long de la courbe de transition foresti\u00e8re: <\/span><\/span><\/span>les densit\u00e9s de population sont 10 fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans les mosa\u00efques for\u00eat-agriculture que dans les noyaux forestiers<\/a>; les noyaux forestiers abritent les peuples parmi les plus pauvres du monde<\/a>; et les tensions li\u00e9es aux droits fonciers ont tendance \u00e0 d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer en conflits dans les r\u00e9gions frontali\u00e8res de for\u00eat.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCompte tenu des caract\u00e9ristiques propres \u00e0 chaque stade, de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’avoir des politiques vari\u00e9es et des diff\u00e9rentes capacit\u00e9s \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre des politiques, nous pensons que des politiques ou des ensembles de politiques diff\u00e9rents seront plus appropri\u00e9s et plus efficaces aux diff\u00e9rents stades de transition foresti\u00e8re\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M.Angelsen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e9langer et apparier<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les auteurs identifient quatre types d’options politiques et les font correspondre aux stades de transition foresti\u00e8re sur la base de l’efficacit\u00e9 probable des politiques pour chaque stade.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Il en r\u00e9sulte une matrice offrant un guide \u00abm\u00e9langer-et-apparier\u00bb complet et facile \u00e0 suivre pour \u00e9laborer des politiques efficaces.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour les pays du stade \u00abnoyaux forestiers\u00bb, l’objectif est de renforcer la pr\u00e9servation passive pr\u00e9existante des for\u00eats, d’abord en \u00e9vitant de d\u00e9clancher l’acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de la d\u00e9forestation et des \u00e9missions de carbone via les infrastructures et d’autres projets. Clarifier les droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 pour \u00e9viter des ru\u00e9es futures vers les terres et mettre en place des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es consituent d’autres politiques utiles \u00e0 ce stade.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lors du stade \u00abfronti\u00e8res\u00bb, le but est de trouver des moyens de r\u00e9duire la rentabilit\u00e9 de l’agriculture – et donc de la d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats – et d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer et de soutenir les forces qui finiront par stabiliser le couvert forestier, comme c’est le cas durant le troisi\u00e8me stade. Les auteurs font valoir que la plupart des politiques sont utiles \u00e0 ce stade, y compris l’inversion ou la lutte contre les politiques du gouvernement ayant historiquement favoris\u00e9 l’expansion des fronti\u00e8res. \u00c0 ce stade, les politiques REDD+ devraient \u00e9galement viser \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la dur\u00e9e de la phase \u00abfronti\u00e8res\u00bb. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abDans un monde de REDD+, le stade de d\u00e9forestation des fronti\u00e8res ne durerait que peu de temps et serait confin\u00e9 \u00e0 de petites zones, et les mosa\u00efques for\u00eat-agriculture contiendraient plus de for\u00eats que durant les p\u00e9riodes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M.Angelsen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les pays en phase finale de transition foresti\u00e8re ont des droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 mieux \u00e9tablis et des march\u00e9s mieux d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s. Les auteurs sugg\u00e8rent que ces pays b\u00e9n\u00e9ficieront donc de la plantation d’arbres, de l’am\u00e9lioration des technologies agricoles pour stimuler la productivit\u00e9 et des paiements pour services environnementaux<\/a>, bien que les incitations soient favorables \u00e0 la restauration de la for\u00eat plut\u00f4t que de sa protection. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, les d\u00e9cideurs politiques devront faire plus que de simplement pr\u00e9senter les politiques sp\u00e9cifiques de REDD+, soulignent les auteurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abPour tout les stades, l\u2019\u00e9vitement<\/i> de politiques et de projets qui d\u00e9clenchent et renforcent la d\u00e9forestation, tels que les projets d’infrastructures routi\u00e8res et les subventions agricoles insens\u00e9es, est cruciale\u00bb, dit M.Angelsen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCette approche peut, dans certains cas, entrer en conflit avec des objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement, mais des ensembles de politiques peuvent rendre la situation gagnant-gagnant. Apr\u00e8s tout, la REDD+ porte sur le climat, et le changement climatique est probablement le plus grand risque futur pour le d\u00e9veloppement dans les pays pauvres.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Arild Angelsen a pris la parole lors de \u00abScaling up CSA: policies, development and mitigation potentials<\/a>\u00bb, un \u00e9v\u00e9nement en marge des n\u00e9gociations de l’ONU sur le climat \u00e0 Varsovie en Pologne, le 12 novembre 2013.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Louis Verchot \u00e0 l.verchot@cgiar.org<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (14 janvier 2014) – L’ampleur et la vitesse du changement du couvert forestier d’un pays fournit un guide utile pour concevoir des politiques REDD+ sp\u00e9cifiques au contexte et efficaces, selon des chercheurs du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). La REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des Emissions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et de la D\u00e9gradation des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":20129,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[180,151],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1048],"class_list":["post-20864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-redd-2","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLe couvert forestier peut orienter des politiques de d\u00e9veloppement REDD+ efficaces - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20864\/le-couvert-forestier-peut-orienter-des-politiques-de-developpement-redd-efficaces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le couvert forestier peut orienter des politiques de d\u00e9veloppement REDD+ efficaces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (14 janvier 2014) – L’ampleur et la vitesse du changement du couvert forestier d’un pays fournit un guide utile pour concevoir des politiques REDD+ sp\u00e9cifiques au contexte et efficaces, selon des chercheurs du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR). 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