{"id":20857,"date":"2014-01-09T06:00:15","date_gmt":"2014-01-08T23:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20857"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:48:02","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:48:02","slug":"definir-le-terme-foret-pourrait-ameliorer-le-suivi-de-la-redd-en-indonesie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20857\/definir-le-terme-foret-pourrait-ameliorer-le-suivi-de-la-redd-en-indonesie","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9finir le terme \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb pourrait am\u00e9liorer le suivi de la REDD+ en Indon\u00e9sie"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Studi<\/a>
Une \u00e9tude de cas en Indon\u00e9sie fournit des enseignements importants pour d’autres pays participant \u00e0 des programmes REDD+, en particulier concernant la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de surveiller et de d\u00e9clarer avec pr\u00e9cision leurs \u00e9missions de carbone et leurs taux de d\u00e9forestation, selon une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente du CIFOR<\/a>. Photo: CIFOR\/Nick Hogarth<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (9 janvier 2014) – Si les d\u00e9cideurs politiques ne parviennent pas \u00e0 \u00e9valuer soigneusement la fa\u00e7on dont ils d\u00e9finissent les for\u00eats, ils risquent de compromettre le succ\u00e8s potentiel du programme REDD+, soutenu par l’ONU et visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions issues de la d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats, selon des scientifiques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une \u00e9tude de cas r\u00e9cente en Indon\u00e9sie a constat\u00e9 que des d\u00e9fis – comme savoir si les plantations d\u2019eucalyptus et de teck doivent \u00eatre class\u00e9es parmi les \u00abfor\u00eats\u00bb – pourraient avoir un <\/span><\/span><\/span>impact significatif<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> sur la mesure et la communication des \u00e9missions de carbone issues de la d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation, ainsi que sur l’\u00e9valuation des facteurs de d\u00e9forestation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes d\u00e9finitions fixent les param\u00e8tres selon lesquels on recueille des informations pass\u00e9es, pr\u00e9sentes et futures sur les for\u00eats, ce qui permet de concevoir un syst\u00e8me de REDD+ plus efficace\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Louis Verchot, directeur de recherche sur les for\u00eats et l’environnement au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR), scientifique et co-auteur d’un <\/span><\/span><\/span>nouveau rapport<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abSi ces d\u00e9finitions ne sont pas claires et coh\u00e9rentes, vous risquez de baser votre \u00e9valuation de la r\u00e9ussite sur des donn\u00e9es inexactes. Vous pourriez penser que vous avez un impact plus important qu’il ne l’est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude, qui a examin\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es historiques de d\u00e9forestation dans des \u00eeles indon\u00e9siennes entre 2000 \u00e0 2009, a montr\u00e9 que les taux de d\u00e9forestation \u00e9taient 28% plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s – 1,35 million d’hectares suppl\u00e9mentaires \u2013 en utilisant une d\u00e9finition nationale plut\u00f4t qu’internationale, ou en utilisant une d\u00e9finition qui reconna\u00eet uniquement les for\u00eats sans plantations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’Indon\u00e9sie est l’un des grands \u00e9metteurs de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dans le monde – <\/span><\/span><\/span>dont 85% proviennent de la conversion des terres et de la d\u00e9forestation<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>. Choisir une d\u00e9finition des for\u00eats non adapt\u00e9e aux circonstances nationales pourrait, en vertu du r\u00e9gime REDD+, revenir \u00e0 exclure de grandes zones de d\u00e9forestation et ajouter <\/span><\/span><\/span>200 millions<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> de tonnes de carbone pomp\u00e9es dans l’atmosph\u00e8re, selon le rapport. Ces \u00e9missions doivent \u00eatre prises en compte pour que l’Indon\u00e9sie honore son engagement de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre globales de <\/span><\/span><\/span>26% d\u2019ici 2020<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et pour le succ\u00e8s de ses <\/span><\/span><\/span>44 projets REDD+<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> en cours.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude de cas de l’Indon\u00e9sie fournit des le\u00e7ons importantes pour d’autres pays qui participent \u00e0 des programmes REDD+, en particulier sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span>de surveiller et de d\u00e9clarer avec pr\u00e9cision<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> leurs \u00e9missions de carbone et leurs taux de d\u00e9forestation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les donn\u00e9es, recueillies \u00e0 l’aide d\u2019images satellites et d\u2019inventaires des stocks de carbone, sont utilis\u00e9es pour d\u00e9terminer un niveau d’\u00e9mission de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence national (REL), indice de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 partir duquel on mesure le succ\u00e8s des actions REDD+ et qui sert de base au calcul des paiements.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ainsi, si l’on ne r\u00e9ussi pas \u00e0 couvrir de mani\u00e8re exhaustive toutes les sources majeures de la d\u00e9forestation en raison des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 d\u00e9finir les for\u00eats, cela pourrait <\/span><\/span><\/span>affecter la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 m\u00eame<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> du r\u00e9gime, selon M. Verchot. C’est pourquoi les gouvernements doivent faire un choix judicieux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa REDD+ fournit des incitations financi\u00e8res. Par cons\u00e9quent, les d\u00e9cideurs politiques doivent \u00eatre s\u00fbrs, lors de la pr\u00e9sentation de leurs d\u00e9finitions \u00e0 la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques [CCNUCC], qu’elles sont exactes et r\u00e9sistent aux examens\u00bb, ajoute-t-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Diff\u00e9rentes d\u00e9finitions des for\u00eats<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bien que le Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’\u00c9volution du Climat (GIEC) <\/span><\/span><\/span>recommande<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> que les pays signalent les pertes du couvert forestier et les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre en utilisant une d\u00e9finition reconnue internationalement, telle que la <\/span><\/span><\/span>d\u00e9finition de l\u2019Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture<\/a> (FAO)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> il n’existe pas de d\u00e9finitions <\/span><\/span><\/span>convenues \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle mondiale<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> de la \u00abd\u00e9forestation\u00bb et de la \u00abd\u00e9gradation\u00bb au sein m\u00eame de la CCNUCC. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Les d\u00e9finitions varient d’un pays \u00e0 l’autre<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> et au sein des pays entre les niveaux national, provincial et local.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En Indon\u00e9sie, la plupart des d\u00e9finitions sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par le Minist\u00e8re des for\u00eats (MOF) et les plantations (des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es d’une seule esp\u00e8ce, souvent non-native) sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme faisant partie du domaine forestier national.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela signifie que, selon la d\u00e9finition actuelle du MOF, les plantations de teck et d’eucalyptus sont class\u00e9es comme des \u00abfor\u00eats\u00bb, ce qui pourrait avoir des implications majeures sur les \u00e9missions, dit M. Verchot.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bien que les plantations foresti\u00e8res stockent du carbone, elles contribuent seulement \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions quand elles sont plant\u00e9es sur des terres d\u00e9grad\u00e9es dont les densit\u00e9s de carbone sont initialement plus faibles, ajoute-t-il. Par cons\u00e9quent, on doit consid\u00e9rer l’histoire des sols, qui ont subit des plantations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abCe que la d\u00e9finition actuelle ne prend pas en compte c’est que, lorsqu\u2019on remplace les for\u00eats naturelles, telles que les tourbi\u00e8res, par des for\u00eats de plantation, ceci lib\u00e8re d’\u00e9normes quantit\u00e9s d’\u00e9missions dans l’atmosph\u00e8re\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abLa CCNUCC a \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cise sur le fait que les \u00e9missions, issues de la conversion des for\u00eats naturelles en for\u00eats de plantation, doivent \u00eatre prises en compte pour les projets nationaux de REDD+.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suivant ce pr\u00e9cepte, les chercheurs du CIFOR ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de r\u00e9examiner les donn\u00e9es historiques de d\u00e9forestation \u00e0 travers des \u00eeles de l’Indon\u00e9sie, pour voir dans quelle mesure la d\u00e9finition de la FAO, la d\u00e9finition de \u00abfor\u00eat naturelle\u00bb excluant les plantations foresti\u00e8res et la d\u00e9finition du Minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats auraient un impact sur l’\u00e9valuation des taux de d\u00e9forestation et, par cons\u00e9quent, sur les causes de la d\u00e9forestation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que, entre 2000 et 2009, les taux de d\u00e9forestation \u00e9taient de 4,9 millions hectares en utilisant la d\u00e9finition de la FAO, de 5,8 millions hectares en utilisant celle de \u00abfor\u00eat naturelle \u00bb (soit 18% de plus) et de 6,8 millions hectares en utilisant la d\u00e9finition du MOF (soit 28% de plus).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le choix de la d\u00e9finition a aboutit \u00e0 des r\u00e9sultats tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, en vertu de la d\u00e9finition internationale de la FAO, les zones arbustives sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme for\u00eat secondaire, en fonction de leur couvert arbor\u00e9 et leur hauteur. Cela signifie que les vastes zones de for\u00eat secondaire converties en zones arbustives au Kalimantan et en Sulawesi, entre 2003 et 2006, ne sont pas comptabilis\u00e9es dans la \u00abd\u00e9forestation\u00bb selon la d\u00e9finition de la FAO. Dans ces zones, les taux de d\u00e9forestation sont donc deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s avec la d\u00e9finition du MOF et celle de for\u00eat naturelle, qu’avec la d\u00e9finition de la FAO. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En effet, plus de la moiti\u00e9 de la superficie totale d\u00e9bois\u00e9e en Indon\u00e9sie entre 2000 et 2009 a \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 la conversion de for\u00eats secondaires en zones arbustives suivant les d\u00e9finitions nationale et naturelle du terme for\u00eat, ce qui n’a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnu par la d\u00e9finition de la FAO.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9finitions de la FAO et du MOF ne font aucune distinction entre une plantation et une for\u00eat naturelle. Cela signifie que, lorsque plus de 130 000 hectares de for\u00eats de tourbe, de mangrove et des hautes terres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 convertis en plantations foresti\u00e8res \u00e0 Sumatra entre 2006 et 2009, elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnues comme \u00e9tant d\u00e9bois\u00e9es seulement par la d\u00e9finition de for\u00eat \u00ab naturelle \u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sans faire de distinction entre les for\u00eats naturelles et les plantations foresti\u00e8res, les donn\u00e9es sont souvent trompeuses, dit M. Verchot. Il cite en exemple un pic des taux de \u00abd\u00e9forestation\u00bb \u00e0 Java entre 2003 et 2006: les deux d\u00e9finitions du MOF et de la FAO ont consid\u00e9r\u00e9 la conversion de 650000 hectares de plantations foresti\u00e8res en terres agricoles comme de la \u00abd\u00e9forestation\u00bb, contrairement \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition naturelle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quelle d\u00e9finition choisir?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bien que l’importance de la d\u00e9finition de for\u00eat naturelle soit <\/span><\/span><\/span>de plus en plus reconnue<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> par les ONG, les organismes de recherche et les n\u00e9gociations de la CCNUCC REDD+, M. Verchot souligne que le choix de la d\u00e9finition incombe aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques de l’Indon\u00e9sie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous ne recommandons pas l\u2019utilisation d\u2019une d\u00e9finition particuli\u00e8re… nous voulons juste montrer les cons\u00e9quences de certaines d\u00e9cisions concernant le choix d’une d\u00e9finition de la for\u00eat. Une fois que ces cons\u00e9quences sont comprises, les mesures d’att\u00e9nuation des r\u00e9sultats ind\u00e9sirables, telles que la d\u00e9finition et la comptabilisation des \u00e9missions issues de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats, peuvent \u00eatre, par exemple, mises en place.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais il reste des enseignements \u00e0 retenir.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re, selon M. Verchot, est que les d\u00e9finitions internationales, qui n\u2019incluent pas les conditions nationales, peuvent laisser de c\u00f4t\u00e9 une quantit\u00e9 importante de d\u00e9forestation. \u00abPour l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des programmes REDD+ il est crucial de traiter diff\u00e9remment les for\u00eats naturelles et les plantations.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La deuxi\u00e8me, dit-il, \u00abest que la fa\u00e7on dont vous d\u00e9finissez une for\u00eat influe beaucoup sur ce que vous \u00e9valuez comme causes de d\u00e9forestation et ce que vous faites \u00e0 leur sujet. Si votre d\u00e9finition laisse de c\u00f4t\u00e9 une partie importante de la d\u00e9forestation, les politiques visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9forestation risquent de laisser de c\u00f4t\u00e9 une grande partie du probl\u00e8me et d\u2019\u00eatre inefficaces.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les paysages et les for\u00eats, visitez le site <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>. <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Louis Verchot \u00e0 l.verchot@cgiar.org<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (9 janvier 2014) – Si les d\u00e9cideurs politiques ne parviennent pas \u00e0 \u00e9valuer soigneusement la fa\u00e7on dont ils d\u00e9finissent les for\u00eats, ils risquent de compromettre le succ\u00e8s potentiel du programme REDD+, soutenu par l’ONU et visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions issues de la d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats, selon des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":20058,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,180,151],"tags":[133],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[213],"class_list":["post-20857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-redd-2","tag-southeast-asia","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9finir le terme \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb pourrait am\u00e9liorer le suivi de la REDD+ en Indon\u00e9sie - 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