{"id":20820,"date":"2013-12-30T06:00:18","date_gmt":"2013-12-29T23:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20820"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:32:51","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:32:51","slug":"leconomie-verte-revelerait-toute-la-valeur-des-forets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20820\/leconomie-verte-revelerait-toute-la-valeur-des-forets","title":{"rendered":"L’\u00e9conomie verte r\u00e9v\u00e8lerait toute la valeur des for\u00eats"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"A<\/a>
L\u2019\u00e9conomie verte consiste utiliser plus efficacement les ressources, explique Gr\u00e2ce Wong, chercheuse au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. Photo: remusse<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

JAKARTA, Indon\u00e9sie (30 d\u00e9cembre 2013) \u2013 Alors que davantage de pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement envisagent de faire la transition vers une \u00e9conomie verte – <\/span>d\u00e9finie comme \u00ab\u00e0 faible \u00e9mission de carbone, \u00e9conome en ressources et socialement inclusive\u00bb<\/a> – l\u2019attention se tourne vers la \u00abvraie\u00bb valeur des for\u00eats.<\/span><\/p>\n

Et il est \u00e9vident qu\u2019elles valent beaucoup plus que le prix du bois. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abL\u2019\u00e9conomie verte consiste \u00e0 utiliser plus efficacement les ressources\u00bb, explique Gr\u00e2ce Wong, chercheuse au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR), \u00e9galement membre d’un groupe de travail du Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) sur la REDD+ dans une \u00e9conomie verte.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl s’agit de comprendre les valeurs r\u00e9elles des ressources naturelles, de fa\u00e7on ce que la mani\u00e8re dont vous les utilisez et que les d\u00e9cisions politiques que vous faites refl\u00e8tent toutes ses valeurs\u00bb, explique Mme Wong, en marge d’un Symposium mondial de l\u2019ONU-REDD<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>qui s’est tenu \u00e0 Jakarta en juin 2013.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abRefl\u00e9ter la vraie valeur des for\u00eats par une \u00e9conomie verte signifie qu’un d\u00e9cideur compare davantage d’options et pense de fa\u00e7on plus holistique sur les for\u00eats, de sorte que les for\u00eats ne soient pas seulement consid\u00e9r\u00e9es pour leur bois.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour les services rendus<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

On estime que les for\u00eats contribuent \u00e0 hauteur de plus de 400 milliards de dollars \u00e0 l’\u00e9conomie mondiale<\/a>, selon les statistiques des Nations Unies. Pourtant, ce chiffre inclut seulement la production et la transformation de bois et de produits ligneux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes for\u00eats sont toujours sous-\u00e9valu\u00e9es car la somme totale de tous les services qu’elles fournissent n\u2019est pas prise en consid\u00e9ration\u00bb, dit Mme Wong.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La liste des services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> rendus par les for\u00eats est longue et de grande ampleur, telle que document\u00e9e dans d\u2019innombrables \u00e9tudes. Les for\u00eats fournissent<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>des habitats et de l’eau propre, r\u00e9gulent le climat local et global, absorbent les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, prot\u00e8gent les bassins hydrographiques, les d\u00e9bits d’eau et les sols, stockent le carbone, produisent de l’oxyg\u00e8ne et soutiennent la pollinisation et le cycle des nutriments. Elles fournissent \u00e9galement des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques pour les cultures et ont des valeurs spirituelles, r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives et touristiques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, malgr\u00e9 l’importance cruciale des services forestiers pour la survie humaine, leur caract\u00e8re omnipr\u00e9sent et invisible signifie qu’elles ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre prises pour acquises et per\u00e7ues comme \u00e9tant \u00abgratuites\u00bb<\/a>, mais plusieurs syst\u00e8mes comptables<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>donnent une \u00e9valuation diff\u00e9rente.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Par exemple, lorsque on additionne les co\u00fbts \u00e9conomiques des gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, de la perte en ressources naturelles, de la perte de services bas\u00e9s sur la nature tels que le stockage du carbone, du changement climatique et de la sant\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la pollution, les 100 externalit\u00e9s environnementales les plus hauts class\u00e9es globalement co\u00fbtent \u00e0 l’\u00e9conomie mondiale autour de 4,7 trillions de dollars par an, selon un rapport r\u00e9cent de l’\u00c9conomie des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et de la biodiversit\u00e9 (TEEB)<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Un exemple particuli\u00e8rement pertinent pour les for\u00eats est l’\u00e9levage de b\u00e9tail en Am\u00e9rique du Sud<\/a>, moteur principale de d\u00e9forestation dans cette r\u00e9gion<\/a>, a dit Pavan Sukhdev, directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de GIST Advisory<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>et chef de l’\u00e9tude TEEB<\/a>, aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s dans son discours lors du Symposium mondial de l’ONU-REDD<\/a>: l’industrie r\u00e9alise un chiffre d\u2019affaire annuel d’environ 16,6 milliards de dollars, mais son co\u00fbt en capital naturel est estim\u00e9 \u00e0 353,8 milliards de dollars.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Compter sur les arbres<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En l’absence de march\u00e9s formels, les atouts naturels ont tendance \u00e0 ne pas \u00eatre int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans la prise de d\u00e9cision<\/a>. La REDD+ de l\u2019ONU fait figure d’exception: ce m\u00e9canisme mondial vise \u00e0 offrir des r\u00e9compenses financi\u00e8res aux pays qui r\u00e9duisent les \u00e9missions de carbone caus\u00e9es par la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats. En donnant une valeur commerciale au carbone, la REDD+ cr\u00e9e une valeur pour ce service forestier important qu’est l’att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique par la s\u00e9questration du carbone.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa REDD+ est un moyen de compenser une partie de la valeur des for\u00eats et pour corriger les d\u00e9faillances des march\u00e9s qui ont conduit \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mme Wong.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, la REDD+ pourrait \u00eatre un catalyseur pour des d\u00e9cisions plus durables en ce qui concerne les for\u00eats, ce qui s\u2019int\u00e8gre bien dans l’objectif d’une \u00e9conomie verte.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le Kenya est l\u2019un des pays qui \u00e9valuent la valeur \u00e9conomique des for\u00eats au-del\u00e0 du bois, comme en t\u00e9moigne son \u00abCompte-rendu des ressources foresti\u00e8res du Kenya\u00bb, rapport\u00e9 par Samuel Muriithi, chef de la division \u00e9conomie du Service forestier du Kenya, lors du symposium de l’ONU-REDD<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Muriithi a donn\u00e9 l’exemple d’une \u00e9valuation des services rendus par des zones de bassins versants ayant un couvert forestier dense. Lorsque les services concernant la purification de l’eau et la r\u00e9gulation du climat local, l\u2019approvisionnement en eau, l’\u00e9rosion, les catastrophes naturelles et les maladies ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pris en compte, les pertes li\u00e9es \u00e0 l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re \u00e9taient 2,8 fois plus importantes que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le Kenya fait partie du nombre croissant de pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 la fois engag\u00e9s dans la REDD+ et dans la planification d’une \u00e9conomie verte, comme en t\u00e9moigne sa strat\u00e9gie nationale \u00abVision 2030\u00bb. Au Vietnam \u2013 qui entreprend \u00e9galement des activit\u00e9s REDD+ – la comptabilisation du capital naturel est incorpor\u00e9e dans la planification et \u00e0 partir de 2014, un PIB vert sera utilis\u00e9 comme indicateur cl\u00e9 du d\u00e9veloppement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le prix du bien-\u00eatre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les avantages sociaux et pour le bien-\u00eatre des services forestiers pourraient \u00e9galement se voir attribu\u00e9s une valeur \u00e9conomique, a soulign\u00e9 Chris Webb de PricewaterhouseCoopers<\/a>, une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de services professionnels, lors du symposium de l’ONU-REDD.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Webb cite l’agriculture durable<\/a> – qui \u00e9vite la d\u00e9forestation \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle – et sugg\u00e8re que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sociaux qui d\u00e9coulent de l’augmentation des rendements ou d\u2019une utilisation plus efficace de l’eau soient quantifi\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abL\u2019augmentation des rendements pourrait am\u00e9liorer l’alimentation des communaut\u00e9s locales et des travailleurs, et ainsi am\u00e9liorer la sant\u00e9 des personnes. Il en r\u00e9sulterait moins de jours d\u2019arr\u00eat maladie, une esp\u00e9rance de vie plus longue, plus de productivit\u00e9, ce qui repr\u00e9senterait des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices pour l’\u00e9conomie\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abJe pense qu’il existe davantage de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sociaux, \u00e9conomiques et environnementaux que [nous] devons comprendre ensemble, afin que nous puissions vraiment comprendre la valeur d\u2019entreprendre des activit\u00e9s [durables]\u00bb, affirme-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tout ne peut pas \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9, ajoute Mme Wong, mais une approche plus holistique r\u00e9v\u00e9lera ce qui peut l\u2019\u00eatre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abJe n’essaierai pas de mettre une valeur en dollar sur les valeurs culturelles, par exemple, mais il existe des efforts visant \u00e0 int\u00e9grer d’autres valeurs sociales, telles que l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 et l’int\u00e9gration\u00bb, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abPar exemple, si vous adoptez une approche inclusive de la mani\u00e8re dont vous envisagez votre utilisation des for\u00eats ou l’extraction de leurs ressources, vous pourrez r\u00e9duire les conflits potentiels \u00e0 l’avenir, et donc \u00e9viter des co\u00fbts<\/a> \u00e9lev\u00e9s d’exploitation et des risques lors de la mise en \u0153uvre. Il s\u2019agit de penser plus largement aux effets d\u2019une d\u00e9cision.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les enjeux abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Gr\u00e2ce Wong sur g.wong@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

JAKARTA, Indon\u00e9sie (30 d\u00e9cembre 2013) \u2013 Alors que davantage de pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement envisagent de faire la transition vers une \u00e9conomie verte – d\u00e9finie comme \u00ab\u00e0 faible \u00e9mission de carbone, \u00e9conome en ressources et socialement inclusive\u00bb – l\u2019attention se tourne vers la \u00abvraie\u00bb valeur des for\u00eats. Et il est \u00e9vident qu\u2019elles valent beaucoup […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":20822,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1048],"class_list":["post-20820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL'\u00e9conomie verte r\u00e9v\u00e8lerait toute la valeur des for\u00eats - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20820\/leconomie-verte-revelerait-toute-la-valeur-des-forets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'\u00e9conomie verte r\u00e9v\u00e8lerait toute la valeur des for\u00eats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"JAKARTA, Indon\u00e9sie (30 d\u00e9cembre 2013) \u2013 Alors que davantage de pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement envisagent de faire la transition vers une \u00e9conomie verte – d\u00e9finie comme \u00ab\u00e0 faible \u00e9mission de carbone, \u00e9conome en ressources et socialement inclusive\u00bb – l\u2019attention se tourne vers la \u00abvraie\u00bb valeur des for\u00eats. 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