{"id":20689,"date":"2013-12-20T06:00:06","date_gmt":"2013-12-19T23:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20689"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:26:35","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:26:35","slug":"le-paradigme-de-la-biodiversite-conteste-suite-a-des-etudes-erronees-sur-lexploitation-forestiere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20689\/le-paradigme-de-la-biodiversite-conteste-suite-a-des-etudes-erronees-sur-lexploitation-forestiere","title":{"rendered":"Le paradigme de la biodiversit\u00e9 contest\u00e9 suite \u00e0 des \u00e9tudes erron\u00e9es sur l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Menentang<\/a>
Il faut tenir compte de la pseudor\u00e9plication pour \u00e9valuer avec pr\u00e9cision la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les for\u00eats exploit\u00e9es et \u00e9quilibrer efficacement la conservation et la production de bois dans les paysages forestiers tropicaux, selon Douglas Sheil, associ\u00e9 principal du CIFOR. Photo: CIFOR<\/a>\/Tomas Munita<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (19 juillet 2013) \u2013 Il faudrait examiner minutieusement les \u00e9tudes sur l’impact de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re sur la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9gions tropicales et mod\u00e9rer, voire rejeter leurs conclusions, selon une publication r\u00e9cente de la revue \u00abConservation Biology\u00bb qui a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des d\u00e9fauts m\u00e9thodologiques r\u00e9pandus.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Douglas Sheil est associ\u00e9 principal du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR), pour le Programme For\u00eats et Environnement, et collaborateur sur \u00abLa pseudor\u00e9plication dans les for\u00eats tropicales et ses effets sur la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9<\/a>\u00bb. Il d\u00e9clare que son \u00e9quipe a entrepris de d\u00e9terminer pourquoi la recherche sur l’impact de l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes forestiers tropicaux donne souvent des r\u00e9sultats contradictoires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ils ont constat\u00e9 que les scientifiques traitent souvent, dans leurs \u00e9tudes sp\u00e9cifiques aux for\u00eats tropicales, les sites qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9bois\u00e9s et ceux qui ne l’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 comme s’ils \u00e9taient identiques avant le d\u00e9boisement. Les comparaisons statistiques ainsi effectu\u00e9es ne peuvent pas soutenir les conclusions qui en sont tir\u00e9es. Ceci est un exemple d’une faille m\u00e9thodologique dite \u00abpseudor\u00e9plication<\/a>\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans de nombreux cas, on a ignor\u00e9 l’importance des variations locales entre les sites d’\u00e9tudes lors de l’interpr\u00e9tation de la recherche – de sorte que toutes les diff\u00e9rences, y compris celles qui \u00e9taient naturelles, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 la coupe et \u00e0 l’enl\u00e8vement du bois.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suite \u00e0 cette mauvaise interpr\u00e9tation, les modifications r\u00e9sultant de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re ont souvent \u00e9t\u00e9 exag\u00e9r\u00e9es, dit M. Sheil.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa prise en compte de la pseudor\u00e9plication est essentielle pour \u00e9valuer avec pr\u00e9cision la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les for\u00eats exploit\u00e9es, pour identifier les m\u00e9rites relatifs des pratiques sp\u00e9cifiques de gestion et des configurations du paysage, et pour \u00e9quilibrer efficacement la conservation et la production de bois dans les paysages forestiers tropicaux\u00bb, ajoute t-il. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La biodiversit\u00e9 foresti\u00e8re est menac\u00e9e par la d\u00e9forestation et la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats, ainsi que la chasse et l’introduction d’esp\u00e8ces envahissantes provenant d’autres habitats. Au moins 13 millions d’hectares<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>(50 000 miles carr\u00e9s) de for\u00eat – une superficie \u00e9quivalant presque la taille du Nicaragua – disparaissent chaque ann\u00e9e, selon l’Organisation des Nations Unis pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sur 77 \u00e9tudes analys\u00e9es, seules 5 sont d\u00e9finitivement exemptes de pseudor\u00e9plication, d\u00e9clare l’auteur principal Benjamin Ramage, chercheur postdoctoral \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Berkeley.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes probl\u00e8mes et les pi\u00e8ges m\u00e9thodologiques sont beaucoup plus r\u00e9pandus que ce que nous avions pr\u00e9vu\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous serons peut-\u00eatre amen\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9carter certains r\u00e9sultats ant\u00e9rieurs, tandis que dans d\u2019autres cas, nous pourrions \u00eatre en mesure d\u2019\u00e9valuer les corrections.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le potentiel d\u2019impr\u00e9cisions statistiques dans l’\u00e9valuation des for\u00eats remet en question les r\u00e9sultats d’un nombre consid\u00e9rable d’\u00e9tudes, ainsi que quelques \u00abv\u00e9rit\u00e9s\u00bb \u00e9tablies, d\u00e9riv\u00e9es d\u2019une litt\u00e9rature qui semble maintenant \u00eatre \u00abtruff\u00e9e de d\u00e9ductions injustifi\u00e9es\u00bb, selon le journal.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Sheil dit que les chercheurs utilisent parfois des raccourcis afin de compiler des donn\u00e9es sur les esp\u00e8ces touch\u00e9es par l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re, soit en raison d\u2019un manque de financement, soit pour rendre les r\u00e9sultats plus impressionnants.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl est difficile de faire les \u00e9tudes sur les for\u00eats tropicales correctes. En outre, il y a souvent beaucoup de pression pour produire des affirmations fortes, fond\u00e9es sur des \u00e9tudes pour lesquelles les budgets sont restreints\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abNous sommes habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 dire que \u2018quelques informations valent mieux qu’aucune\u2019. Mais \u00e9videment ceci est seulement vrai si nous nous gardons d\u2019\u00eatre induits en erreur.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9percussions des conclusions de l’\u00e9quipe pourraient \u00eatre importantes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les opinions sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 divis\u00e9es sur la question de savoir si les zones foresti\u00e8res bien g\u00e9r\u00e9es sont une mesure positive pour la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9. Ainsi, les nouveaux r\u00e9sultats sont susceptibles de raviver les diff\u00e9rents d\u00e9bats sur quand et o\u00f9 la production de bois doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un ami ou un ennemi de la conservation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude pourrait \u00e9galement changer la fa\u00e7on dont nous percevons les for\u00eats de production qui – contrairement \u00e0 beaucoup d’autres utilisations des terres, telles que l’huile de palme et la canne \u00e0 sucre \u2013 abritent un niveau beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 d’esp\u00e8ces foresti\u00e8res. Pour le moment, selon M. Sheil, les chercheurs n’ont pas d’autre choix que de retourner \u00e0 la case de d\u00e9part.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abSi nous ne reconnaissons et n\u2019abordons pas le probl\u00e8me de la pseudor\u00e9plication, nous ne pouvons pas \u00e9valuer avec pr\u00e9cision la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les for\u00eats exploit\u00e9es\u00bb, dit-il. \u00abDe plus, il n’existe aucun moyen de savoir comment \u00e9quilibrer efficacement la conservation et la production de bois dans les for\u00eats tropicales.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abEt comment pouvons-nous dire quelles pratiques de gestion sont efficaces et lesquelles ne le sont pas.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les deux auteurs ont soulign\u00e9 que leurs analyses ne devraient pas \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9es comme la n\u00e9gation des impacts n\u00e9gatifs de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re sur la biodiversit\u00e9. \u00abNous soulignons que certains de ces effets sont r\u00e9els et justifient les pr\u00e9occupations\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Sheil. \u00abMais il semble que de nombreux r\u00e9sultats ant\u00e9rieurs soient inexacts et susceptibles d’avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 exag\u00e9r\u00e9s. Nous serons tous davantage en mesure de concentrer notre attention et nos efforts si nous avions une connaissance plus fiable des effets de l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La pr\u00e9valence de la pseudor\u00e9plication dans la recherche sur la foresterie tropicale soul\u00e8ve, quant \u00e0 elle, la question de savoir comment tant de scientifiques ont pu \u00e9chouer \u00e0 la discerner en amont. Selon M. Sheil, ce serait d\u00fb \u00e0 la conscience.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abIl s’agit de reconna\u00eetre le probl\u00e8me et de savoir pourquoi il est important. Si les chercheurs reconnaissent quand et o\u00f9 ces approches conduisent \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes, nous pouvons les \u00e9viter\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Ramage dit esp\u00e9rer que le rapport encouragera les chercheurs \u00e0 commencer \u00e0 penser de mani\u00e8re plus critique sur les conclusions qu’ils tirent de leurs donn\u00e9es et \u00e0 essayer de trouver des moyens de d\u00e9multiplier correctement les donn\u00e9es sur les exploitations foresti\u00e8res.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Douglas Sheil sur <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>d.sheil@cgiar.org<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 financ\u00e9e par le Fonds pour l’environnement mondial, \u00e0 travers du Programme de d\u00e9veloppement des Nations Unies en Malaisie et l’Organisation internationale des bois tropicaux. L’aide financi\u00e8re et l\u2019appui en nature ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fournis par le gouvernement de la Malaisie, par son Minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles et de l’environnement et l’Institut de recherche foresti\u00e8re de la Malaisie. Elle a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenue par le Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie<\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (19 juillet 2013) \u2013 Il faudrait examiner minutieusement les \u00e9tudes sur l’impact de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re sur la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9gions tropicales et mod\u00e9rer, voire rejeter leurs conclusions, selon une publication r\u00e9cente de la revue \u00abConservation Biology\u00bb qui a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des d\u00e9fauts m\u00e9thodologiques r\u00e9pandus. Douglas Sheil est associ\u00e9 principal du Centre de Recherche […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":17971,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[161,137,186],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[237],"class_list":["post-20689","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-production-forests","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLe paradigme de la biodiversit\u00e9 contest\u00e9 suite \u00e0 des \u00e9tudes erron\u00e9es sur l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20689\/le-paradigme-de-la-biodiversite-conteste-suite-a-des-etudes-erronees-sur-lexploitation-forestiere\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le paradigme de la biodiversit\u00e9 contest\u00e9 suite \u00e0 des \u00e9tudes erron\u00e9es sur l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (19 juillet 2013) \u2013 Il faudrait examiner minutieusement les \u00e9tudes sur l’impact de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re sur la biodiversit\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9gions tropicales et mod\u00e9rer, voire rejeter leurs conclusions, selon une publication r\u00e9cente de la revue \u00abConservation Biology\u00bb qui a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des d\u00e9fauts m\u00e9thodologiques r\u00e9pandus. 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