{"id":20636,"date":"2013-12-16T06:00:42","date_gmt":"2013-12-15T23:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20636"},"modified":"2018-02-07T16:48:48","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T09:48:48","slug":"la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20636\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas","title":{"rendered":"La REDD+ met en \u00e9vidence les probl\u00e8mes fonciers, mais ne les r\u00e9sout pas"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00abLa REDD+ peut amener des am\u00e9liorations dans certains aspects des projets, mais elle n’a pas apport\u00e9 de changement fondamental et, \u00e0 ce stade, il semble peu probable qu\u2019elle le fasse\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Anne Larson, directeur scientifique au CIFOR. Photo: CIFOR<\/a>\/Marco Simola<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Article publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 27 novembre 2013<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

VARSOVIE, Pologne (16 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Les pr\u00e9paratifs de proposition d’un programme international, visant \u00e0 payer les usagers locaux pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre en r\u00e9duisant la d\u00e9forestation, se concentrent davantage sur les probl\u00e8mes de tenure foresti\u00e8re, mais ils ne les r\u00e9solvent pas, ont constat\u00e9 des chercheurs.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des \u00c9missions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et de la D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats) est un m\u00e9canisme en cours de d\u00e9veloppement pr\u00e9vu par la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques. Elle vise \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions r\u00e9sultant du d\u00e9boisement et de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats en cr\u00e9ant une valeur financi\u00e8re pour le carbone stock\u00e9 dans les for\u00eats et en incitant les pratiques de gestion durable des terres foresti\u00e8res pour de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa REDD+ peut amener des am\u00e9liorations dans certains aspects des projets, mais elle n’a pas apport\u00e9 de changement fondamental et, \u00e0 ce stade, il semble peu probable qu\u2019elle le fasse\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Anne Larson, directeur scientifique au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Larson a dirig\u00e9 la publication de \u00abLand tenure and REDD+: The good, the bad and the ugly<\/a>\u00bb (Le r\u00e9gime foncier et la REDD+ : Le bon, le mauvais et le laid), un article r\u00e9cent bas\u00e9 sur l’analyse de 22 projets pilotes de REDD+ dans 71 villages r\u00e9partis dans six pays: le Br\u00e9sil, le P\u00e9rou, le Cameroun, la Tanzanie, l’Indon\u00e9sie et le Vietnam.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La litt\u00e9rature de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de l\u2019article a confirm\u00e9 que les paiements propos\u00e9s en \u00e9change d’une s\u00e9questration additionnelle du carbone par la conservation des for\u00eats dans le cadre de REDD+ \u00abexigent non seulement l’existence de droits clairs \u00e0 la terre, mais aussi la capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9montrer des droits d’exclusion, comprennant le droit et les moyens d’emp\u00eacher des tiers de modifier l\u2019occupation du sol.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela signifie que, avant qu\u2019une communaut\u00e9, une entreprise ou un organisme d’\u00c9tat puissent recevoir de l’argent pour garder les arbres sur pied, ils doivent \u00eatre en mesure de prouver qu’ils poss\u00e8dent la for\u00eat et d’emp\u00eacher des tiers de la couper<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs du CIFOR ont tent\u00e9 de v\u00e9rifier si les projets qui ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 exp\u00e9rimenter la REDD+ remplissent cette condition ou l\u2019abordent avec succ\u00e8s l\u00e0 o\u00f9 le r\u00e9gime foncier est faible.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que, dans la plupart des cas, la REDD+ a clairement fourni quelques possibilit\u00e9s nouvelles pour s\u00e9curiser les droits fonciers locaux. Toutefois, les interventions au coup par coup des promoteurs de projets au niveau local sont insuffisantes en absence de programmes nationaux plus vastes en faveur d\u2019une r\u00e9forme fonci\u00e8re \u00bb, \u00e9crivent-ils.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans tous les pays \u00e9tudi\u00e9s, les revendications contradictoires de diff\u00e9rents utilisateurs de la for\u00eat ont touch\u00e9 de nombreuses zones affect\u00e9es \u00e0 des projets pilotes. Les titulaires de droits se sont \u00e9galement plaints de difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 faire valoir leurs droits.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abDans de nombreux cas, les concessions, voir m\u00eame les titres fonciers, attribu\u00e9s par des minist\u00e8res diff\u00e9rents et\/ou les gouvernements de niveau inf\u00e9rieur se chevauchent; des colons vivent \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de zones d\u00e9limit\u00e9es en tant que terres d\u2019autochtones\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mme Larson. \u00abIl est m\u00eame assez fr\u00e9quent de d\u00e9couvrir que la somme des terrains attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 des acteurs divers est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 qu’en r\u00e9alit\u00e9.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le Br\u00e9sil se distingue<\/a>: une r\u00e9forme fonci\u00e8re importante y a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e, le gouvernement a attribu\u00e9 formellement des terres aux communaut\u00e9s locales et \u00e0 des centaines de milliers de petits exploitants sans titre, \u00e0 condition qu’ils respectent la l\u00e9gislation environnementale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e9anmoins, comme le soulignent les notes de Mme Larson, \u00abceci a commenc\u00e9 bien avant la REDD+<\/a>\u00bb. Elle ajoute que les incertitudes quant \u00e0 l’avenir du financement du programme signifient que, dans les six pays \u00e9tudi\u00e9s, peu de d\u00e9fenseurs des droits fonciers consid\u00e8rent le programme international sur le changement climatique capable de changer la situation. Pour autant, ils utilisent de l’attention suppl\u00e9mentaire et de l’argent apport\u00e9s par le programme.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes ONG et les communaut\u00e9s autochtones, qui m\u00e8nent des projets de REDD+, la per\u00e7oivent plut\u00f4t comme un atout suppl\u00e9mentaire pour les aider \u00e0 atteindre un objectif \u00e0 long terme\u00bb, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’exemple br\u00e9silien a aussi ses d\u00e9fauts: Mme Larson observe que la r\u00e9forme du r\u00e9gime a \u00e9t\u00e9 plus robuste dans certains \u00c9tats que dans d’autres. En effet, la recherche comparative constate que les populations locales sont confront\u00e9es aux m\u00eames probl\u00e8mes d’application de leurs droits nouvellement acquis que celles qui vivent dans des pays qui ont une l\u00e9gislation moins favorable.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Environ 83% des villages \u00e9tudi\u00e9s au Cameroun et 55% en Indon\u00e9sie ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 un conflit sur au moins une partie de leur terre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Presque tous les promoteurs de projets pilotes de REDD+ ont dit aux chercheurs du CIFOR qu’ils avaient identifi\u00e9 des probl\u00e8mes fonciers dans leur r\u00e9gion et qu\u2019ils travaillaient \u00e0 les r\u00e9soudre. Dans de nombreux cas, ils ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 aider les populations locales \u00e0 s\u00e9curiser les droits \u00e0 leurs terres en utilisant les ressources disponibles pour se pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 la REDD+.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, ceci s’est av\u00e9r\u00e9 plus difficile pour des conflits \u00abli\u00e9s au d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique national\u00bb, tel que l’investissement international dans des plantations d’huile de palme. \u00abLe probl\u00e8me pour les communaut\u00e9s et les peuples autochtones, c’est que ce sont toujours eux les d\u00e9savantag\u00e9s\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mme Larson. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes \u00e9missions peuvent provenir de gros utilisateurs, mais il est plus facile de traiter avec des personnes moins puissantes vivant dans une communaut\u00e9 locale et de leur demander d’arr\u00eater de couper des arbres, que de s’attaquer aux facteurs sous-jacents permettant \u00e0 une grande plantation de se d\u00e9velopper en coupant la for\u00eat tropicale.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ceci conduit les auteurs de l’article \u00e0 conclure que la REDD+ ne d\u00e9clenchera pas d\u2019am\u00e9liorations \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des droits fonciers, sauf si les gouvernements nationaux s’impliquent activement. \u00abPour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 certains des plus graves probl\u00e8mes fonciers au niveau local ou d’un projet, l’\u00c9tat doit se confronter \u00e0 ses propres politiques\u00bb, \u00e9crivent-ils.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 par une \u00e9tude sur la fa\u00e7on dont les m\u00e9dias nationaux traitent les enjeux li\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et au changement climatique. Les chercheurs du CIFOR ont constat\u00e9 que les partisans de la REDD+ qui pr\u00e9conisent une r\u00e9forme du r\u00e9gime foncier \u2013 tels que les ONG \u2013 n\u2019ont presque jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 per\u00e7us comme influents par la presse, contrairement aux gouvernements.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Des exemples remarquables de r\u00e9formes du r\u00e9gime foncier, li\u00e9es \u00e0 la REDD+, se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s r\u00e9cemment, dit Mme Larson.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abAu P\u00e9rou, la Banque mondiale vient de reconna\u00eetre une coalition d’organisations autochtones pour une alternative de REDD+\u00bb, dit-elle. Elle fait allusion \u00e0 l’inclusion formelle de la \u00abLa REDD+ des Indig\u00e8nes de l\u2019Amazonie\u00bb, promue par la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration indig\u00e8ne amazonienne du P\u00e9rou, AIDESEP<\/a>, dans le cadre du soutien<\/a> de 50 millions de dollars du Programme d’Investissement pour les For\u00eats des Fonds d’Investissement pour le Climat fin octobre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cela signifie que certains des fonds internationaux, cr\u00e9\u00e9s pour la lutte contre le changement climatique, seront consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 des programmes d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par des organisations de peuples autochtones, dont la premi\u00e8re priorit\u00e9 sont les droits fonciers, selon Mme Larson.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes organisations autochtones ont pu profiter de l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 que repr\u00e9sente la REDD+\u00bb, dit-elle. \u00abMais ce cas sugg\u00e8re \u00e9galement que nous devrions nous m\u00e9fier des initiatives de REDD+ qui visent principalement \u00e0 imposer de nouvelles restrictions sur les populations pauvres vivant dans les for\u00eats. Nous devrions plut\u00f4t chercher des alternatives qui s’appuient sur l’exp\u00e9rience locale de ce qui fonctionne pour conserver les for\u00eats.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du programme de recherche du GCRAI sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Article publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 27 novembre 2013 VARSOVIE, Pologne (16 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Les pr\u00e9paratifs de proposition d’un programme international, visant \u00e0 payer les usagers locaux pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre en r\u00e9duisant la d\u00e9forestation, se concentrent davantage sur les probl\u00e8mes de tenure foresti\u00e8re, mais ils ne […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":20484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,173],"tags":[1224],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1041],"class_list":["post-20636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-gender-justice-tenure","tag-south-america","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa REDD+ met en \u00e9vidence les probl\u00e8mes fonciers, mais ne les r\u00e9sout pas - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20636\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La REDD+ met en \u00e9vidence les probl\u00e8mes fonciers, mais ne les r\u00e9sout pas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Article publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 27 novembre 2013 VARSOVIE, Pologne (16 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – Les pr\u00e9paratifs de proposition d’un programme international, visant \u00e0 payer les usagers locaux pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre en r\u00e9duisant la d\u00e9forestation, se concentrent davantage sur les probl\u00e8mes de tenure foresti\u00e8re, mais ils ne […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20636\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-12-15T23:00:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-07T09:48:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/8700345561_98f7b09fb4_z.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"416\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Thomas Hubert\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@tom_hubert\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Thomas Hubert\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6bc131e53dfe93de1243f49aef0b9077\"},\"headline\":\"La REDD+ met en \u00e9vidence les probl\u00e8mes fonciers, mais ne les r\u00e9sout pas\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-12-15T23:00:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-07T09:48:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas\"},\"wordCount\":1461,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/11\\\/8700345561_98f7b09fb4_z.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"South America\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change & energy\",\"Gender, justice & tenure\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2013\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20636\\\/la-redd-met-en-evidence-les-problemes-fonciers-mais-ne-les-resout-pas\",\"name\":\"La REDD+ met en \u00e9vidence les probl\u00e8mes fonciers, mais ne les r\u00e9sout pas - 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