{"id":20629,"date":"2013-12-13T06:00:33","date_gmt":"2013-12-12T23:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20629"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:22:18","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:22:18","slug":"faire-preuve-de-tact-lors-de-lelaboration-des-systemes-de-gouvernance-forestiers-scientifiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20629\/faire-preuve-de-tact-lors-de-lelaboration-des-systemes-de-gouvernance-forestiers-scientifiques","title":{"rendered":"Les scientifiques pr\u00e9conisent une \u00e9laboration prudente des syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance foresti\u00e8re"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Les d\u00e9cideurs politiques \u00e9laborent un cadre pour assurer que les efforts de conservation des for\u00eats ne nuisent pas aux communaut\u00e9s locales qui ont le droit de recevoir une aide incitative de la part des pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, pour prouver qu’elles ont r\u00e9duit leurs \u00e9missions de carbone. Photo: CIFOR\/Ollivier Girard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Article publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 28 novembre.<\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

VARSOVIE, Pologne (13 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – La gouvernance foresti\u00e8re implique souvent de faire face aux incoh\u00e9rences de la gestion des terres, des arbres et des ressources. Le processus peut se compliquer par les interactions entre les gouvernements, le secteur priv\u00e9 et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, selon des scientifiques.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLes normes peuvent constituer une approche pour am\u00e9liorer la gouvernance. Mais, dans de nombreux cas il s\u2019agit de normes internationales facultatives, sans exigences de conformit\u00e9 – nous savons par exp\u00e9rience qu’elles sont souvent contourn\u00e9es\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Andrew Wardell, directeur de recherche du portefeuille For\u00eats et Gouvernance du Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le CIFOR, en collaboration avec l’Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Foresti\u00e8res (IUFRO) et l’Organisation Internationale de Droit du D\u00e9veloppement (OIDD), a men\u00e9 un <\/span><\/span>forum de discussion<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> lors du <\/span><\/span>Forum mondial sur les paysages<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u00e0 Varsovie, en marge des n\u00e9gociations internationales sur la politique climatique, ax\u00e9 sur ceux qui gouvernent les for\u00eats, la fa\u00e7on dont elles sont gouvern\u00e9es et les types d’impacts qui en r\u00e9sultent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La discussion portait sur la question de savoir si les normes de durabilit\u00e9 peuvent soutenir un cadre de gestion int\u00e9gr\u00e9e; par exemple en r\u00e9glementant l’acc\u00e8s des biocarburants sur les march\u00e9s europ\u00e9ens ou en abordant les garanties sociales et environnementales qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es dans le but d\u2019accompagner les projets de REDD+ (R\u00e9duction des \u00c9missions issues de la D\u00e9forestation et de la D\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats), soutenue par l’ONU dans les pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9cideurs politiques \u00e9laborent un cadre pour assurer que les efforts de conservation des for\u00eats ne nuisent pas aux communaut\u00e9s locales qui ont le droit de recevoir une aide incitative de la part des pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, pour prouver qu’elles ont r\u00e9duit leurs \u00e9missions de carbone.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

METTRE EN PLACE DES PARAM\u00c8TRES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une norme de gouvernance foresti\u00e8re peut \u00eatre d\u00e9finie comme \u00abun certain seuil ou une meilleure pratique \u00e0 atteindre\u00bb, dit Caroline Haywood, avocate sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans le changement climatique et sp\u00e9cialiste de l’\u00e9conomie verte \u00e0 l\u2019OIDD, qui aide les pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement en mati\u00e8re de l\u00e9gislation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le groupe m\u00e8ne actuellement un projet de recherche en collaboration avec le CIFOR sur la cr\u00e9ation d’un cadre durable pour les investissements \u00e0 faible intensit\u00e9 de carbone.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les normes internationales devraient rester aussi larges que possible, pendant que la l\u00e9gislation sert d’outil de mise en \u0153uvre dans des contextes sp\u00e9cifiques, dit Mme Haywood.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les normes internationales \u00absont de bons points de rep\u00e8re pour voir comment un pays s\u2019en sort \u2013 en quelque sorte une norme de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Renee Gift, sp\u00e9cialiste du changement climatique \u00e0 l\u2019OIDD.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Quand un pays est en train d’\u00e9laborer une politique, on peut \u00e9valuer comment il aborde les diff\u00e9rents enjeux, comme premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape du processus l\u00e9gislatif, dit-elle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La recherche devrait se concentrer sur les le\u00e7ons tir\u00e9es au sujet de la popularit\u00e9 de certains efforts politiques, dit <\/span><\/span>Ben Cashore<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>, professeur de gestion environnementale et de science politique \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Yale. \u00abIl existe une diff\u00e9rence entre le lieu o\u00f9 les institutions acqui\u00e8rent leur autorit\u00e9, dont elles ont besoin pour mener une politique, et le contenu des normes qu’elles appliquent \u00e0 cette politique\u00bb, dit-il.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’histoire des normes de durabilit\u00e9 pour la gestion des for\u00eats peut \u00eatre retrac\u00e9e depuis la tentative avort\u00e9e de signer une Convention Mondiale sur les For\u00eats contraignante dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, dit M. Cashore.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les promoteurs d’une bonne gestion foresti\u00e8re se sont ensuite tourn\u00e9s vers des m\u00e9canismes de march\u00e9, tels que la certification du bois pour r\u00e9gir la politique commerciale. Toutefois, ces normes mesurables ne concernent pas l\u2019ensemble des produits forestiers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abLa certification est trop complexe et trop co\u00fbteuse pour les petites et moyennes entreprises\u00bb, d\u00e9clare M. Wardell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

STRATEGIES POUR LE SUCCES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M. Wardell et M. Cashore ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 de nombreuses \u00e9tudes r\u00e9centes qui interpr\u00e8te la gouvernance foresti\u00e8re comme un domaine complexe, qui doit \u00eatre mis en \u0153uvre \u00e0 des niveaux institutionnels mondiaux, nationaux et locaux.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’int\u00e9r\u00eat actuel pour la v\u00e9rification de la provenance l\u00e9gale des bois et l\u2019\u00e9radication des produits r\u00e9colt\u00e9s ill\u00e9galement replace les gouvernements au centre de la gouvernance foresti\u00e8re, dit M. Cashore.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les nouveaux <\/span><\/span>Accords de Partenariat Volontaire<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span> de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, qui n’autorisent que les livraisons de bois d’\u0153uvre en provenance de pays qui v\u00e9rifient que leurs exportations sont conformes \u00e0 leurs propres lois nationales, est un exemple d’une norme volontaire transform\u00e9e en une base juridique, dit M. Wardell \u2013 ajoutant qu’il est trop t\u00f4t pour dire s\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019un succ\u00e8s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Toutefois, le soutien apport\u00e9 aux processus juridiques nationaux de v\u00e9rification est impressionnant, d\u00e9clare M. Cashore. \u00abC’est parce que cette approche est ascendante, \u00e0 de faibles exigences et implique de multiples niveaux des gouvernements\u00bb, explique M. Cashore. Maintenant, la science devrait expliquer quelles motivations se cachent derri\u00e8re cette acceptation g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e, peut-\u00eatre \u00eatre nourrie par l’int\u00e9r\u00eat personnel: les entreprises l\u00e9gales y voient une occasion de lutter contre la concurrence des exploiteurs forestiers ill\u00e9gaux, moins chers; les ONG environnementales esp\u00e8rent pouvoir montrer de meilleurs r\u00e9sultats de leurs actions avec cette approche; et les Etats ind\u00e9pendants peuvent l\u2019utiliser pour stimuler les revendications de souverainet\u00e9, dit-il. \u00abCe n’est que lorsque nous avons compris pourquoi un certain niveau de normes attire un large soutien, que nous pouvons envisager de faire avancer le processus\u00bb, dit M. Cashore.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Andrew Wardell sur <\/b><\/span><\/span>a.wardell@cgiar.org<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Article publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 28 novembre. VARSOVIE, Pologne (13 d\u00e9cembre 2013) – La gouvernance foresti\u00e8re implique souvent de faire face aux incoh\u00e9rences de la gestion des terres, des arbres et des ressources. Le processus peut se compliquer par les interactions entre les gouvernements, le secteur priv\u00e9 et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, selon des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":20497,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,13,1072],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1041],"class_list":["post-20629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-governance","category-landscapes","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes scientifiques pr\u00e9conisent une \u00e9laboration prudente des syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance foresti\u00e8re - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20629\/faire-preuve-de-tact-lors-de-lelaboration-des-systemes-de-gouvernance-forestiers-scientifiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les scientifiques pr\u00e9conisent une \u00e9laboration prudente des syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance foresti\u00e8re\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Article publi\u00e9 dans sa version originale le 28 novembre. 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