{"id":20523,"date":"2013-12-04T06:00:11","date_gmt":"2013-12-03T23:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20523"},"modified":"2018-02-07T11:58:33","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T04:58:33","slug":"interview-les-cartes-des-sources-demissions-alimentent-les-strategies-sur-le-changement-climatique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20523\/interview-les-cartes-des-sources-demissions-alimentent-les-strategies-sur-le-changement-climatique","title":{"rendered":"Interview: Les cartes des sources d\u2019\u00e9missions alimentent les strat\u00e9gies sur le changement climatique"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"5639878498_ff00550d98_z\"<\/a>
L’\u00e9levage et le riz sont n\u00e9cessaires et une partie de la for\u00eat va \u00eatre perdue. Mais il faut compenser les gains et les pertes li\u00e9s \u00e0 la pratique de l’un et l’autre, selon Mariana Rufino, scientifique au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale. CIFOR<\/a>\/Yayan Indriatmoko<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

VARSOVIE, Pologne (16 novembre 2013) \u2013 Les cartes localisant les principales sources d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre peuvent contribuer am\u00e9liorer la gestion des terres dans les pays qui pr\u00e9parent des strat\u00e9gies d’att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique, selon un scientifique.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abNous souhaitons am\u00e9liorer la pr\u00e9cision des estimations et \u00e9tablir une norme globale pour les principales sources d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Mariana Rufino, une scientifique chevronn\u00e9e travaillant pour Changement climatique, Agriculture et S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Alimentaire (CCAFS) et pour le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00abL\u2019att\u00e9nuation implique de prendre des d\u00e9cisions sur la fa\u00e7on de ralentir ou d\u2019emp\u00eacher le changement climatique\u00bb, dit Mme Rufino, ajoutant que les cartes des principales sources aideront les d\u00e9cideurs politiques et contribueront aux n\u00e9gociations internationales sur le climat.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mme Rufino a parl\u00e9 de son travail en amont des n\u00e9gociations climatiques de l’ONU \u00e0 Varsovie. La surveillance, la v\u00e9rification et la notification des \u00e9missions \u00e9taient un sujet majeur de d\u00e9bats lors des n\u00e9gociations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quel est le but de cette recherche?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>En<\/span><\/span><\/span> g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, tout le monde sait que la d\u00e9forestation est un probl\u00e8me, que le b\u00e9tail cr\u00e9e des probl\u00e8mes d’\u00e9missions et que le riz d\u00e9gage du m\u00e9thane, mais cela arrivera. L’\u00e9levage et le riz sont n\u00e9cessaires et une partie de la for\u00eat va \u00eatre perdue. Mais il faut compenser les gains et les pertes li\u00e9s \u00e0 la pratique de l’un et l’autre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quelles techniques utilisez-vous pour mesurer les \u00e9missions?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> Les scientifiques pr\u00e9l\u00e8vent des \u00e9chantillons de gaz du sol, les analysent en utilisant un mat\u00e9riel de laboratoire appropri\u00e9 et convertissent ces mesures en \u00e9missions afin de d\u00e9terminer combien de kilogrammes d’\u00e9quivalent de CO2 sont \u00e9mis par m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9 ou par hectare. De nombreux pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement ne disposent pas de ces chiffres sur les activit\u00e9s terrestres. A travers le monde, de tr\u00e8s nombreux pays estiment les \u00e9missions de leurs activit\u00e9s agricoles ou foresti\u00e8res \u00e0 partir d’estimations externes – dont la plupart proviennent des \u00c9tats-Unis ou d\u2019Europe. Par cons\u00e9quent, ce qu’ils rapportent comme leurs \u00e9missions estim\u00e9es est probablement loin de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Les scientifiques ont donc besoin de combler ce d\u00e9ficit de la recherche. Etablir des priorit\u00e9s, en se basant sur l’importance relative des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et le potentiel d’att\u00e9nuation, aidera \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer par o\u00f9 commencer la collecte des donn\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quelle est la strat\u00e9gie globale?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Notre strat\u00e9gie consiste \u00e0 inclure uniquement les \u00e9missions terrestres de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES). Donc, l’analyse exclura les utilisations de combustibles fossiles par les humains. Elle consistera \u00e0 cartographier les couches du sol, le climat, la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, les activit\u00e9s agricoles, les pertes dues \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des sols. Ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments seront ensuite combin\u00e9s avec des facteurs d’\u00e9mission, afin de calculer les \u00e9missions. Nous nous concentrons sur les \u00e9missions caus\u00e9es par les activit\u00e9s humaines. Puisque notre programme s’int\u00e9resse \u00e9galement \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction de la pauvret\u00e9, l’identification des interventions futures d’att\u00e9nuation inclura le potentiel d\u2019augmenter la productivit\u00e9 agricole. Nous devons agir rapidement pour les pauvres de notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Nous devons combiner les cartes des \u00e9levages, de la sylviculture et des zones humides, et nous trouver comment les combiner et o\u00f9 l’att\u00e9nuation est possible.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quels progr\u00e8s avez-vous r\u00e9alis\u00e9s jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Nous avons lanc\u00e9 ce d\u00e9fi de recherche il y a deux ans. Initialement, nous avons choisi deux sites, un au Kenya et un aux Philippines. Depuis, nous avons ajout\u00e9 trois autres zones. Nous avons commenc\u00e9 par mesurer les \u00e9missions issues des paysages – directement \u00e0 partir des paysages. Nous les avons caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es en consid\u00e9rant d’abord les usagers des terres. Nous savions que des agriculteurs utilisaient ces terres, mais nous avions besoin de d\u00e9terminer quel type d’agriculteurs, quel genre d’activit\u00e9s ils pratiquaient, quels types de cultures et d’animaux ils produisaient et les niveaux de revenu qu’ils r\u00e9alisaient par ces activit\u00e9s terrestres.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une fois que nous avons compris comment la terre est utilis\u00e9e, nous avons d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le statistique et s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 quelques parcelles dans le paysage, puis nous avons commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 mesurer les \u00e9missions – tous les gaz : le m\u00e9thane, l’oxyde nitreux, le dioxyde de carbone et les stocks de carbone. Nous avons \u00e9galement mesur\u00e9 la production et estim\u00e9 l’\u00e9conomie de toutes les activit\u00e9s de production. Nous faisons cela depuis presque un an et nous pr\u00e9voyons de continuer, mais cela co\u00fbte cher et demande beaucoup de travail, donc une grande \u00e9quipe. D\u2019o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de cibler les futures recherches sur des sites o\u00f9 les \u00e9missions sont \u00e9lev\u00e9es et o\u00f9 l’att\u00e9nuation est possible.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Comment s’assurer que les efforts d’att\u00e9nuation sont fiables?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Les options d’att\u00e9nuation peuvent ne pas para\u00eetre solides si elles ne sont pas mises dans le contexte de la variabilit\u00e9 climatique. Par exemple, durant une ann\u00e9e elles peuvent sembler fonctionner vraiment bien, alors qu\u2019une autre ann\u00e9e elles pourraient sembler \u00eatre un grand \u00e9chec \u2013 il s\u2019agit juste de la variabilit\u00e9 globale, propre aux syst\u00e8mes naturels ou biologiques et li\u00e9e au changement climatique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Comment ces cartes pourraient-elles aider les petits agriculteurs?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>L<\/span><\/span><\/span>e mieux que nous pouvons faire pour aider les agriculteurs face \u00e0 la variabilit\u00e9 du climat, c’est de leur donner des informations afin qu’ils puissent prendre des d\u00e9cisions imm\u00e9diates \u00e0 court terme. Il peut s’agir, par exemple, de planter ou de ne pas planter du ma\u00efs, ou de choisir de cultiver plut\u00f4t du sorgho, ou de ne rien planter s\u2019il y a un risque de perdre la culture et tout l\u2019investissement financier. Quand ils peuvent g\u00e9rer leur propre information, ils peuvent prendre des d\u00e9cisions concernant l’adaptation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les cartes d\u00e9taillant les principaux foyers d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre peuvent aider les pays \u00e0 prioriser les interventions d’att\u00e9nuation, ce qui peut profiter aux agriculteurs, s\u2019ils peuvent avoir recours \u00e0 des m\u00e9canismes de financement. Les m\u00e9canismes de financement pour l’att\u00e9nuation peuvent certainement poursuivre des synergies avec l’adaptation. Par cons\u00e9quent, l’analyse des principales sources inclura la variabilit\u00e9 climatique, afin d\u2019\u00e9valuer la consistance des interventions d’att\u00e9nuation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Comment les agriculteurs peuvent-ils \u00e9quilibrer adaptation et att\u00e9nuation?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b>Concernant les d\u00e9cisions relatives \u00e0 l’att\u00e9nuation, les agriculteurs font des choix qui prennent en compte les changements climatiques. Les agriculteurs d\u00e9cident, par exemple, comment les engrais doivent \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9s pour obtenir un maximum de grain. S\u2019ils sont inform\u00e9s du fait qu\u2019en changeant simplement la technique ils peuvent r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de moiti\u00e9, alors, pourquoi ne pas adopter une telle technique? Ceci est une d\u00e9cision d’att\u00e9nuation sur le court terme qui peut inclure une d\u00e9cision d’adaptation sur le long terme. Il est prouv\u00e9 que la gestion de la fertilit\u00e9 est judicieuse pour s’adapter \u00e0 un climat changeant. Il s\u2019agit donc d\u2019un exemple de mesures d’att\u00e9nuation et d’adaptation fonctionnant ensemble pour am\u00e9liorer les moyens de subsistance. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quel est l’avenir de la cartographie des \u00e9missions de GES?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R: <\/b>Ces estimations sont n\u00e9cessaires partout dans le monde \u2013 j\u2019en suis convaincue. T\u00f4t ou tard, cela doit se faire partout. Les m\u00e9canismes de compensation seront n\u00e9cessaires afin de mettre en \u0153uvre des mesures d’att\u00e9nuation. S’il s\u2019agit d\u2019un pays ayant de vastes zones de tourbi\u00e8res ou de zones humides – je parle ici d\u2019une \u00e9norme quantit\u00e9 de tonnes de carbone \u00e9mises – alors un m\u00e9canisme d’att\u00e9nuation devra compenser l\u2019impact sur le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique dans cette r\u00e9gion et la conservation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes riches en carbone.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les sujets abord\u00e9s dans cet article, veuillez contacter Mariana Rufino sur m.rufino@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur le changement climatique, l’agriculture et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire (CCAFS).<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

VARSOVIE, Pologne (16 novembre 2013) \u2013 Les cartes localisant les principales sources d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre peuvent contribuer am\u00e9liorer la gestion des terres dans les pays qui pr\u00e9parent des strat\u00e9gies d’att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique, selon un scientifique. \u00abNous souhaitons am\u00e9liorer la pr\u00e9cision des estimations et \u00e9tablir une norme globale pour les principales […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":20309,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,1072,180,11],"tags":[479],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[989],"class_list":["post-20523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-landscapes","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-mrv-2","tag-global","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInterview: Les 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