{"id":20080,"date":"2013-11-07T20:17:23","date_gmt":"2013-11-07T13:17:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=20080"},"modified":"2015-10-22T10:07:05","modified_gmt":"2015-10-22T03:07:05","slug":"paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20080\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages","title":{"rendered":"Paysages (Partie 2) \u2013 Que sont les paysages?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cet article fait partie d’une s\u00e9rie sur les paysages. Retrouvez la premi\u00e8re partie: <\/span><\/i>Pourquoi les paysages sont-ils importants?<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mon pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent questionnement, \u00abpourquoi\u00bb, \u00e9tait tout sauf rh\u00e9torique \u2013 toutes les personnes avec lesquelles j’en ai discut\u00e9 s’accordent \u00e0 dire que les paysages sont extr\u00eamement importants, et qu’ils sont essentiels pour le bien-\u00eatre humain au sens large, de m\u00eame que pour la vie sur notre plan\u00e8te.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Demander \u00abQue sont les paysages?\u00bb est plus d\u00e9licat, et requiert une certaine r\u00e9flexion quant \u00e0 l’objectif que nous visons avec les approches paysag\u00e8res. La mani\u00e8re dont nous utilisons \u00abpaysage\u00bb doit \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par le contexte que nous souhaitons et la solutions que nous visons, et pas l’inverse.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le mot paysage a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 depuis des centaines d’ann\u00e9es pour d\u00e9signer des aspects artistiques, juridiques et g\u00e9ographiques. Je ne cite pas souvent Wikip\u00e9dia, mais j’ai trouv\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span>cet article sur les \u00abpaysages<\/a>\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/span> \u00e9clairant, en particulier son \u00e9tymologie avec de nombreuses r\u00e9f\u00e9rences aux paysages comme construction sociale. Je remarque aussi un <\/span><\/span><\/span>article de Kenneth Olwig<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>qui explore le concept historique en profondeur, y compris en disant qu’\u00abun concept de fond tel que le paysage est davantage li\u00e9 \u00e0 la loi et la justice sociale qu’\u00e0 la loi naturelle ou l’esth\u00e9tisme\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le concept d’approches paysag\u00e8res pour le d\u00e9veloppement durable est pr\u00e9sent depuis des d\u00e9cennies. Cet article r\u00e9cent du <\/span><\/span><\/span>PNAS sign\u00e9 Jeff Sayer, Terry Sunderland <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>et al<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> constitue une revue int\u00e9ressante et souligne aussi que la Convention sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique de l’ONU, un processus intergouvernemental, a r\u00e9cemment inclus le concept de paysage dans son processus de n\u00e9gociation. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Donc, o\u00f9 en sommes nous avec le concept de paysage maintenant, \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re de toutes ces exp\u00e9riences pass\u00e9es?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Arriver \u00e0 une d\u00e9finition<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s avoir travaill\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es sur <\/span><\/span><\/span>des d\u00e9finitions foresti\u00e8res<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>, je suis bien conscient que diff\u00e9rentes opinions, positions, affiliations professionnelles, agendas politiques et sentiments peuvent tourner \u00e0 la dispute autour d’une d\u00e9finition, telle que celle du mot \u00abfor\u00eat\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Je ne souhaite pas avoir le m\u00eame d\u00e9bat autour de la d\u00e9finition de \u00abpaysage\u00bb. Ce dont nous avons besoin, c’est d’une compr\u00e9hension g\u00e9n\u00e9rique et suffisamment large pour inclure toutes les combinaisons de foresterie, d’agriculture et d’autres utilisations terrestres. Et nous avons besoin d’une d\u00e9finition qui englobe les int\u00e9r\u00eats et les actions humaines, de m\u00eame que la constitution biophysique du paysage. En d’autres termes, en d\u00e9finissant un paysage, nous devons inclure \u00e0 la fois l’\u00e9tendue et les ressources du paysage et les interactions de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 avec le paysage.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’objectif d’une approche paysag\u00e8re, tel que nous l’avons exprim\u00e9 dans les objectifs du Forum mondial des paysages, est de contribuer au d\u00e9veloppement durable et de soutenir des actions pour ralentir le changement climatique. Voil\u00e0 un d\u00e9fi de taille.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous devons donc d\u00e9finir \u00abpaysage\u00bb de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 n’exclure <\/span>aucune <\/b><\/span>situation dans le monde r\u00e9el. Nous devons aussi, de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence, d\u00e9finir \u00abpaysage\u00bb afin qu’il soit utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles. Une exploitation agricole est un paysage. La terre est le paysage ultime. Le concept doit s’appliquer \u00e0 l’ensemble de cette s\u00e9rie d’\u00e9chelles si nous voulons atteindre les objectifs d\u00e9crits ci-dessus.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mais nous ne pouvons pas d\u00e9crire un paysage uniquement en localisant une zone g\u00e9ographique et en dessinant une fronti\u00e8re sur une carte. C’est la dimension humaine qui en fait un paysage. Donc il faut qu’une sorte d’institution(s), exprimant les ambitions d’une zone g\u00e9ographique, fixe les priorit\u00e9s et aide \u00e0 transformer ces ambitions en actions. Nous pouvons appeler cela la gouvernance des paysages, et nous devrions reconna\u00eetre que de tels accords de gouvernance peuvent \u00eatre radicalement diff\u00e9rents et exister sous forme d’accords totalement informels ou strictement formels.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Avec ces deux param\u00e8tres de base \u2013 \u00e9tendue g\u00e9ographique et gouvernance \u2013 je propose la d\u00e9finition suivante:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Paysage = <\/span>\u00abLieu avec une gouvernance en place\u00bb<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) <\/span>Lieu<\/b><\/span>: un paysage est une zone g\u00e9ographique qui peut \u00eatre de toute taille \u2013 de tr\u00e8s petit \u00e0 tr\u00e8s large.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) <\/span>avec une gouvernance en place<\/b><\/span>: il existe une (des) institution(s) qui va consid\u00e9rer des options pour le paysage et fixer les priorit\u00e9s. Le niveau de formalisation de gouvernance peut varier, d’informel \u00e0 formel.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"French<\/a><\/p>\n

Le graphique ci-dessus illustre comment diff\u00e9rents types de paysages peuvent \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s avec ces deux dimensions. Comme vous pouvez le voir, il s’agit d’une mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s inclusive de d\u00e9finir ce qu’est un paysage. En fait, c’est tellement inclusif qu’un emplacement donn\u00e9 fera toujours partie de diff\u00e9rents paysages, \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles, au m\u00eame moment. Cela ne pause aucun probl\u00e8me et refl\u00e8te aussi les diff\u00e9rentes couches de gouvernances simultan\u00e9es dans lesquelles nous nous trouvons.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cette discussion autour de ce que signifie le terme paysage constitue un point de d\u00e9part pour les prochaines \u00e9tapes, et le sujet de mon prochain blog. Je discuterai comment nous pouvons d\u00e9terminer des objectifs et mesurer les progr\u00e8s des paysages de mani\u00e8re comparable au-del\u00e0 de toutes ces situations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cet article fait partie d’une s\u00e9rie sur les paysages. Retrouvez la premi\u00e8re partie: Pourquoi les paysages sont-ils importants? Mon pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent questionnement, \u00abpourquoi\u00bb, \u00e9tait tout sauf rh\u00e9torique \u2013 toutes les personnes avec lesquelles j’en ai discut\u00e9 s’accordent \u00e0 dire que les paysages sont extr\u00eamement importants, et qu’ils sont essentiels pour le bien-\u00eatre humain au sens large, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":20090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2965],"coauthors":[680],"class_list":["post-20080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-chronique-du-dg"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPaysages (Partie 2) \u2013 Que sont les paysages? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20080\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Paysages (Partie 2) \u2013 Que sont les paysages?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cet article fait partie d’une s\u00e9rie sur les paysages. Retrouvez la premi\u00e8re partie: Pourquoi les paysages sont-ils importants? Mon pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent questionnement, \u00abpourquoi\u00bb, \u00e9tait tout sauf rh\u00e9torique \u2013 toutes les personnes avec lesquelles j’en ai discut\u00e9 s’accordent \u00e0 dire que les paysages sont extr\u00eamement importants, et qu’ils sont essentiels pour le bien-\u00eatre humain au sens large, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/20080\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-11-07T13:17:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-22T03:07:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/French-chart-DG-landscape-2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Peter Holmgren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Peter Holmgren\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4c6a8d0ab7b85160a0d57a15381a8122\"},\"headline\":\"Paysages (Partie 2) \u2013 Que sont les paysages?\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-11-07T13:17:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-22T03:07:05+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages\"},\"wordCount\":910,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/11\\\/French-chart-DG-landscape-2.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Forests News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2013\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/20080\\\/paysages-partie-2-que-sont-les-paysages\",\"name\":\"Paysages (Partie 2) \u2013 Que sont les paysages? 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Retrouvez la premi\u00e8re partie: Pourquoi les paysages sont-ils importants? 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