{"id":19177,"date":"2013-09-23T15:58:35","date_gmt":"2013-09-23T08:58:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=19177"},"modified":"2015-07-30T15:49:37","modified_gmt":"2015-07-30T08:49:37","slug":"feu-et-fumee-a-riau-au-dela-des-points-chauds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/19177\/feu-et-fumee-a-riau-au-dela-des-points-chauds","title":{"rendered":"Feu et fum\u00e9e \u00e0 Riau: au-del\u00e0 des points chauds"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Figura<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure 1 :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong> Analyses de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection de la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu, indiquant les feux de juin 2013 en rouge vif, situ\u00e9s \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des r\u00e9serves foresti\u00e8res, des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es et des zones de transition. Cliquez <\/span><\/span><\/span>ici<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>pour plus de d\u00e9tails.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

En lisant cet article de blog, vous \u00eates probablement d\u00e9j\u00e0 au courant des incendies de la province de Riau \u00e0 Sumatra qui ont caus\u00e9 des probl\u00e8mes de fum\u00e9e aussi loin que Singapour et Kuala Lumpur. Vous \u00eates sans doute conscient du fait que ces feux indiquent des taux \u00e9lev\u00e9s de d\u00e9forestation et des \u00e9missions \u00e9lev\u00e9es de CO2 provenant des tourbi\u00e8res. Mais vous partagez probablement aussi mon inqui\u00e9tude au sujet du manque d’information et vous aimeriez en savoir plus.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La semaine du 28 au 30 ao\u00fbt, une \u00e9quipe du CIFOR s’est rendue \u00e0 Riau dans le cadre d’une mission de recherche sur les faits, afin de mieux comprendre les enjeux d’un point de vue local et approfondi. Nous voulions \u00e9galement identifier des th\u00e8mes de recherche prioritaires relatifs \u00e0 la gouvernance, aux moyens de subsistance, \u00e0 l’environnement et \u00e0 l’\u00e9conomie du paysage de Riau.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nous avons d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que <\/span><\/span><\/span>la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu<\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/span> s<\/span><\/span><\/span>erait un paysage \u00e0 examiner de plus pr\u00e8s. La zone <\/span><\/span><\/span>a \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnue en r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re par l’UNESCO<\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>en 2009 et s’\u00e9tend sur 700 000 ha – pr\u00e8s de 10% de la province de Riau – dans une zone domin\u00e9e par des tourbi\u00e8res.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En outre, elle contient toute la gamme des utilisations des terres qui nous int\u00e9resse: des r\u00e9serves de for\u00eats vierges, des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es par des entreprises, des grandes \u00e9tendues de plantations de palmiers \u00e0 huile, ainsi que des terres g\u00e9r\u00e9es par des communaut\u00e9s et acteurs locaux. La figure 1 montre \u00e9galement que la plupart des feux de 2013 sont survenus au sein de cette r\u00e9serve.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce paysage a \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 de nombreux changements importants d’utilisation des terres, tels que d\u00e9crit dans <\/span><\/span><\/span>cette \u00e9valuation de 2003<\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Il ne reste qu’une fraction de la for\u00eat naturelle, autrefois dominante. Les conversions que nous observons aujourd’hui ne sont pas un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne nouveau – le d\u00e9veloppement de l’agriculture et de la foresterie commerciales a fait partie de la politique et de la pratique depuis des d\u00e9cennies, ce qui est un contexte important \u00e0 savoir. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alors, que pouvons-nous dire sur les \u00e9v\u00e9nements r\u00e9cents dans ce paysage ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Avant notre visite sur le terrain, le CIFOR a <\/span><\/span><\/span>analys\u00e9 les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de l’incendie en d\u00e9tail<\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e0 l’aide de la t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et des donn\u00e9es cartographiques. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’imagerie de haute r\u00e9solution, avec une indication des points chauds (hotspots), nous avons pu confirmer les cicatrices provoqu\u00e9es par le feu dans le paysage. Notre conclusion pr\u00e9liminaire \u00e9tait que les incendies avaient principalement eu lieu dans des zones montrant des caract\u00e9ristiques de gestion de plantations. Nous avons \u00e9galement conclu que la plupart des incendies s’\u00e9taient produits en dehors des concessions d’entreprises, avec environ un quart \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de celles-ci. Nous avons identifi\u00e9 140<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>000 ha de surface br\u00fbl\u00e9e au sein des 3,5 millions ha \u00e9tudi\u00e9s, ce qui correspond \u00e0 40% de la province de Riau. Une grande partie (3%) de la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu a montr\u00e9 des cicatrices suite aux feux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection ne nous renseigne \u00e9videmment pas sur les raisons et les objectifs sous-jacents de ces feux, et ne fournit pas non plus d’informations d\u00e9taill\u00e9es sur les moyens de subsistance, la gouvernance, les conflits ou l’impact environnemental.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, notre visite sur le terrain nous a aid\u00e9s \u00e0 mieux comprendre ces enjeux et \u00e0 trouver des sujets pour de futures recherches.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En survolant le paysage de Riau (figure 2), nous avons pu constater que les indications des feux par la t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection \u00e9taient exactes. Nous avons \u00e9galement observ\u00e9 que les incendies semblaient \u00eatre exclusivement caus\u00e9s par des pratiques agricoles, principalement la conversion des for\u00eats en plantations de palmiers \u00e0 huile. Nous avons vu quelques cas o\u00f9 des plantations existantes et des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 endommag\u00e9es par les incendies, mais cela semblait \u00eatre des exceptions, probablement non-intentionnelles. Nous avons observ\u00e9 des incendies dans les concessions et \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des r\u00e9serves foresti\u00e8res, ainsi qu’\u00e0 l’ext\u00e9rieur des terres d\u00e9sign\u00e9es par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral. Les informations provenant des acteurs locaux et des professionnels ont confirm\u00e9 ces tendances g\u00e9n\u00e9rales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une de nos conclusions pr\u00e9liminaires est que l’on ne peut pas pr\u00e9sumer que les terres \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des limites d’une concession soient enti\u00e8rement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par l’entreprise en question. Au sein de ces grandes zones, jusqu’\u00e0 un quart est g\u00e9r\u00e9 par les acteurs locaux selon les t\u00e9moignages. Il existe des tensions entre d’une part les allocations \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle \u00e9tablies de mani\u00e8re descendante (top-down) et la gestion des plantations sur ces terres, et d’autre part les revendications sur ces m\u00eames terres par rapport aux pratiques agricoles et coutumes locales. La situation juridique n’est donc pas tout \u00e0 fait claire, et les incendies ou les conversions de terres \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des concessions peuvent \u00eatre li\u00e9s \u00e0 ces questions de gouvernance. Par cons\u00e9quent, il faut \u00eatre prudent avant de conclure que les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s seraient \u00e0 l’origine des feux sur leurs terres, en se basant uniquement sur une t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection superpos\u00e9e sur des cartes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales des concessions. Cela dit, il faut \u00e9galement \u00e9viter de tirer des conclusions au sujet des responsables de ces feux, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 qu’il existe une l\u00e9gislation claire d\u00e9finissant les obligations des concessionnaires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Figura<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure 2 :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong> Le feu dans les for\u00eats (images du haut), une cicatrice caus\u00e9e par le feu qui s’\u00e9tend dans une for\u00eat plant\u00e9e (en bas \u00e0 gauche), des palmiers \u00e0 huile nouvellement plant\u00e9s (en bas \u00e0 droite). R\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu, le 29 ao\u00fbt 2013.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Autre observation : les investissements dans la plantation de palmiers \u00e0 huile sont suffisamment rentables pour attirer les capitaux en grandes quantit\u00e9s, provoquant les nombreuses conversions de terres que nous avons pu observer. En fait, nous n’avons pas observ\u00e9 ou entendu parler d’autres motifs de conversion des terres que celle de production d’huile de palme. Les principales sources de capitaux et le sch\u00e9ma des investissements semblent avoir chang\u00e9 en faveur des entrepreneurs, qui ne sont ni des grandes entreprises ni des \u00abpetits exploitants\u00bb locaux, comme cela a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span><\/span><\/span>observ\u00e9 par le Centre mondial de l’agroforesterie<\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. De toute \u00e9vidence, nous n’avons pas une image compl\u00e8te de ces tendances d’investissement – qui sont derri\u00e8re elles, dans quelle mesure les investissements sont-ils l\u00e9gitimes, comment impactent-ils les acteurs locaux et l’environnement – ou de la fa\u00e7on dont les cha\u00eenes de valeur de l’huile de palme fonctionnent par rapport aux lois sur des questions telles que l’utilisation des terres et la corruption.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Que faire de ces informations? Le CIFOR s’engage avec des partenaires \u00e0 faire davantage de recherches approfondies sur le paysage de Riau, y compris au sujet des enjeux de gouvernance et des moyens de subsistance. Le d\u00e9fi qui nous est pos\u00e9 est que la dur\u00e9e d’attention port\u00e9e aux enjeux de la gestion des terres est tr\u00e8s courte au niveau politique. Nous esp\u00e9rons que notre contribution permettra \u00e0 la fois d’enrichir la compr\u00e9hension et d’aider \u00e0 maintenir l’int\u00e9r\u00eat d’un dialogue politique, int\u00e9grant les enjeux de l’ensemble du paysage et de tous ses secteurs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ceci est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment en lien avec les ambitions du <\/span><\/span><\/span>Forum mondial des paysages<\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, pour lequel l’exemple de la foresterie et de l’agriculture \u00e0 Riau est particuli\u00e8rement pertinent. Ce d\u00e9bat sera certainement un \u00e9l\u00e9ment central \u00e0 Varsovie du 16 au 17 novembre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

*Liens non traduits en fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Figure 1 : Analyses de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection de la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu, indiquant les feux de juin 2013 en rouge vif, situ\u00e9s \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des r\u00e9serves foresti\u00e8res, des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es et des zones de transition. Cliquez ici pour plus de d\u00e9tails. En lisant cet article de blog, vous \u00eates probablement d\u00e9j\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,1072],"tags":[133],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2965],"coauthors":[680],"class_list":["post-19177","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-landscapes","tag-southeast-asia","language-francais","type-francais-chronique-du-dg"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFeu et fum\u00e9e \u00e0 Riau: au-del\u00e0 des points chauds - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/19177\/feu-et-fumee-a-riau-au-dela-des-points-chauds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Feu et fum\u00e9e \u00e0 Riau: au-del\u00e0 des points chauds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Figure 1 : Analyses de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection de la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re de Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu, indiquant les feux de juin 2013 en rouge vif, situ\u00e9s \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur des r\u00e9serves foresti\u00e8res, des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es et des zones de transition. Cliquez ici pour plus de d\u00e9tails. 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