{"id":163928,"date":"2026-10-03T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T02:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/163928\/peru-high-integrity-carbon-indigenous-redd"},"modified":"2026-10-01T23:26:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T16:26:07","slug":"perou-carbone-haute-integrite-peuples-autochtones-redd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/163928\/perou-carbone-haute-integrite-peuples-autochtones-redd","title":{"rendered":"Qui d\u00e9finit le \u00ab carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u00bb ? Au P\u00e9rou, les peuples autochtones n\u2019attendent pas la r\u00e9ponse\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pr\u00e8s de 18 ans apr\u00e8s que le P\u00e9rou<\/a> a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler \u00e0 la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de cr\u00e9dits carbone v\u00e9rifiables dans le cadre de la lutte contre le changement climatique, les parties prenantes peinent encore \u00e0 d\u00e9finir ce que signifie le \u00ab carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u00bb dans le contexte de la REDD+ juridictionnelle \u2014 la R\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions dues \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation et \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats<\/a> \u2014, un m\u00e9canisme mondial visant \u00e0 lutter contre le changement climatique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la conservation des for\u00eats. Cette situation fait craindre un large foss\u00e9 entre les discours et la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 sur le terrain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une nouvelle \u00e9tude<\/a>, fond\u00e9e sur des entretiens avec des parties prenantes \u2014 du secteur priv\u00e9 aux pouvoirs publics, en passant par les organisations de peuples autochtones \u2014, fait appara\u00eetre un large consensus sur le fait que les initiatives de REDD+ juridictionnelle (JREDD+)<\/a> devraient int\u00e9grer des crit\u00e8res sociaux parall\u00e8lement aux exigences environnementales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais les interrogations sur ce que cela signifie r\u00e9ellement dans la pratique, par rapport aux discours, restent largement r\u00e9pandues. Cela s\u2019explique en partie par le fait que la JREDD+ commence seulement \u00e0 prendre de l\u2019ampleur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab C\u2019est nouveau et cela n\u2019a pas encore fait l\u2019objet de discussions approfondies \u00bb,<\/em> explique Vania Mart\u00ednez, chercheuse associ\u00e9e principale au sein du programme Droits et justice environnementale de Landscape Alliance<\/a> et l\u2019une des trois coauteures de la note de recherche<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le P\u00e9rou a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre des projets REDD+<\/a> en 2008, sous la direction du minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Environnement (MINAM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Un paysage forestier dans la r\u00e9gion d\u2019Ucayali, au P\u00e9rou. Photo : Marlon del Aguila Guerrero \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Depuis, les pr\u00e9occupations concernant la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 de la REDD+ se sont accrues \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, tandis que la demande de cr\u00e9dits carbone volontaires issus de projets REDD+ a fortement diminu\u00e9. Cet effondrement suscite aujourd\u2019hui un int\u00e9r\u00eat accru pour le carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9, avec une attention port\u00e9e non seulement \u00e0 la validit\u00e9 des cr\u00e9dits carbone, mais \u00e9galement \u00e0 la gouvernance, \u00e0 la transparence et au respect des droits des peuples autochtones et des communaut\u00e9s locales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parall\u00e8lement, les bailleurs de fonds et les gouvernements s\u2019orientent de plus en plus vers des mod\u00e8les de REDD+ juridictionnelle, consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme plus cr\u00e9dibles et plus int\u00e9gr\u00e9s que les projets individuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fond\u00e9e sur 18 entretiens men\u00e9s entre juin et ao\u00fbt 2025 aupr\u00e8s de repr\u00e9sentants du secteur priv\u00e9, d\u2019organisations autochtones, d\u2019organisations non gouvernementales (ONG), d\u2019experts et de responsables gouvernementaux, l\u2019\u00e9tude constate un large consensus : la notion de carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 d\u00e9passe d\u00e9sormais le principe \u00e9troit du \u00ab ne pas nuire \u00bb pour int\u00e9grer des crit\u00e8res sociaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais derri\u00e8re ce consensus subsistent de nombreuses questions et pr\u00e9occupations, parmi les communaut\u00e9s locales et les autres parties prenantes, concernant ce que signifient concr\u00e8tement la JREDD+ et la haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 sociale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 ses d\u00e9buts, la REDD+ \u00e9tait principalement centr\u00e9e sur les mesures relatives au secteur forestier, avec une attention limit\u00e9e aux garanties sociales. Cette situation a aliment\u00e9 les tensions avec les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales sur les territoires desquels les projets \u00e9taient implant\u00e9s. La pression exerc\u00e9e par les bailleurs de fonds et les d\u00e9fenseurs des droits a ensuite contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 int\u00e9grer les crit\u00e8res sociaux dans la d\u00e9finition de l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des cr\u00e9dits carbone, notamment avec les garanties de Canc\u00fan de 2010, adopt\u00e9es lors de la COP16, qui ont \u00e9tabli un cadre plus limit\u00e9 fond\u00e9 sur le principe du \u00ab ne pas nuire \u00bb. Plus r\u00e9cemment, l\u2019approche a \u00e9volu\u00e9 vers un concept qui \u00e9value de mani\u00e8re plus rigoureuse les impacts carbone et sociaux conjointement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab D\u2019un point de vue de la gouvernance, une approche juridictionnelle permet d\u2019aborder les investissements, les facteurs de d\u00e9forestation, y compris toutes leurs causes profondes, et de trouver une autre mani\u00e8re \u2014 durable \u2014 de soutenir le d\u00e9veloppement dans la juridiction concern\u00e9e \u00bb,<\/em> explique Anne Larson, scientifique principale \u00e0 Landscape Alliance et coauteure de la note, ainsi que d\u2019une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9e<\/a> sur trois paysages JREDD+ au Br\u00e9sil, en Indon\u00e9sie et au P\u00e9rou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 int\u00e9grant une forte dimension sociale est n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la r\u00e9ussite de ces initiatives. Mais leurs promoteurs ont \u00e9galement besoin d\u2019outils et d\u2019objectifs clairs, souligne la coauteure Gabriela Gonzales Malca, chercheuse associ\u00e9e principale en gouvernance environnementale \u00e0 Landscape Alliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Community
Des membres de la communaut\u00e9 fournissent des informations \u00e0 une \u00e9quipe de Landscape Alliance \u00e0 Cashiboya, dans la r\u00e9gion de Loreto, au P\u00e9rou. Photo : Marlon del Aguila Guerrero \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"People
Des personnes travaillent dans des exploitations agroforesti\u00e8res \u00e0 Cashiboya, Loreto, au P\u00e9rou. Photo : Marlon del Aguila Guerrero \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Les gens en parlent, mais lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de passer \u00e0 la pratique, cela tend \u00e0 \u00e9chouer \u00bb,<\/em> ajoute Gonzales Malca. Plusieurs repr\u00e9sentants d\u2019ONG interrog\u00e9s dans le cadre de l\u2019\u00e9tude ont exprim\u00e9 un scepticisme similaire. Un expert autochtone a averti que, si elle n\u2019\u00e9tait pas pleinement et correctement mise en \u0153uvre, une initiative JREDD+ pourrait se r\u00e9duire \u00e0 un march\u00e9 motiv\u00e9 par le profit, sans b\u00e9n\u00e9fices pour les communaut\u00e9s locales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Invit\u00e9s par les chercheurs \u00e0 classer les aspects prioritaires du carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9, les diff\u00e9rents groupes de parties prenantes ont exprim\u00e9 des priorit\u00e9s divergentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les ONG ont mis l\u2019accent sur la responsabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re et le partage \u00e9quitable des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices, soulignant que 70 % de la valeur des cr\u00e9dits est cens\u00e9e revenir aux personnes qui assurent la gestion des for\u00eats. Les organisations autochtones ont donn\u00e9 la priorit\u00e9 \u00e0 une gouvernance inclusive et \u00e0 la viabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re. Les experts ont consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que des droits clairement d\u00e9finis et un partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices constituaient une condition pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 tous les autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments. Le secteur priv\u00e9 a privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 les droits fonciers et l\u2019attribution officielle des titres, en soulignant les co\u00fbts et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique dont les op\u00e9rateurs ont besoin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Presque tous les groupes se sont retrouv\u00e9s autour de la \u00ab gouvernance inclusive \u00bb comme principe de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Mais Mart\u00ednez souligne que cette notion est comprise de mani\u00e8re tellement large qu\u2019il est difficile de la traduire dans la pratique et de la mesurer sur le terrain. Par cons\u00e9quent, la v\u00e9rification repose trop souvent sur des indicateurs carbone bien \u00e9tablis ou sur la conformit\u00e9 documentaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Le clivage le plus marqu\u00e9 concernait les priorit\u00e9s socioculturelles \u2014 reconnaissance de la gouvernance autochtone, approche interculturelle et flexibilit\u00e9 territoriale \u2014 d\u00e9fendues presque exclusivement par les dirigeants autochtones.<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Interrog\u00e9s sur les acteurs qui promeuvent d\u00e9j\u00e0 une haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 sociale, les r\u00e9pondants ont d\u00e9crit un paysage fragment\u00e9. Les ONG ont cit\u00e9 PROFONANPE, le Fonds fiduciaire p\u00e9ruvien pour les parcs nationaux et les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es ; les responsables gouvernementaux ont mentionn\u00e9 le Forum p\u00e9ruvien du carbone ; tandis que les organisations autochtones et les experts ont le plus souvent cit\u00e9 Grupo Per\u00fa et son programme \u00e9mergent et ambitieux de REDD+ juridictionnelle dirig\u00e9 par des peuples autochtones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plus r\u00e9cemment, l\u2019approche JREDD+ innovante du P\u00e9rou a \u00e9t\u00e9 codirig\u00e9e par le MINAM et Grupo Per\u00fa, une coalition regroupant l\u2019Association interethnique pour le d\u00e9veloppement de la for\u00eat amazonienne du P\u00e9rou (AIDESEP), la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration des nationalit\u00e9s amazoniennes du P\u00e9rou (CONAP) et l\u2019Association nationale des ex\u00e9cutants des contrats d\u2019administration des r\u00e9serves communales du P\u00e9rou (ANECAP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette initiative a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme le premier programme de REDD+ juridictionnelle au monde sur des terres autochtones, dans lequel les organisations autochtones sont des partenaires strat\u00e9giques dans la prise de d\u00e9cision, plut\u00f4t que de simples b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires. Elle s\u2019appuie sur l\u2019approche REDD+ autochtone amazonienne (RIA) promue par AIDESEP, qui avait \u00e9tabli, d\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res discussions sur la REDD+, la reconnaissance de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re collective, la participation effective \u00e0 la prise de d\u00e9cision et l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable aux b\u00e9n\u00e9fices comme conditions minimales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Community
Atelier REDD+ dans la communaut\u00e9 de La Roya, Ucayali, au P\u00e9rou. Photo : Juan Carlos Huayllapuma \/ Landscape Alliance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

La plupart des participants autochtones interrog\u00e9s ont estim\u00e9 que l\u2019approche de Grupo Per\u00fa repr\u00e9sentait une avanc\u00e9e significative vers la haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9, parce qu\u2019elle int\u00e8gre la prise de d\u00e9cision communautaire, le partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et la consultation de l\u2019ensemble des communaut\u00e9s territoriales, explique Gonzales Malca, qui la qualifie d\u2019\u00ab approche importante vers la haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais Larson souligne que Grupo Per\u00fa ne constitue pas \u00e0 lui seul une approche juridictionnelle compl\u00e8te, puisque les facteurs de d\u00e9forestation trouvent en grande partie leur origine en dehors des territoires autochtones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Cela signifie que Grupo Per\u00fa doit non seulement continuer \u00e0 travailler efficacement avec le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Environnement, mais aussi que les autres minist\u00e8res doivent \u00eatre profond\u00e9ment impliqu\u00e9s, ce qui semble peu probable \u00bb,<\/em> pr\u00e9cise-t-elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sans coh\u00e9rence des politiques publiques \u2014 notamment l\u2019alignement de la REDD+ sur l\u2019attribution des titres fonciers, les investissements et la lutte contre les activit\u00e9s ill\u00e9gales \u2014, les pressions ext\u00e9rieures pourraient compromettre les r\u00e9sultats climatiques, m\u00eame lorsque les communaut\u00e9s g\u00e8rent efficacement leurs territoires, \u00e9crivent les auteurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mart\u00ednez a expliqu\u00e9 que, lors d\u2019un entretien avec un responsable du minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Environnement, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 surprise de constater que Grupo Per\u00fa avan\u00e7ait beaucoup plus rapidement sur la JREDD+ que l\u2019\u00c9tat lui-m\u00eame, qui doit composer avec d\u2019autres priorit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un ancien responsable du MINAM a \u00e9galement estim\u00e9 qu\u2019il \u00e9tait pr\u00e9matur\u00e9 de qualifier la JREDD+ de syst\u00e8me \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 alors que les consultations sur la feuille de route ne font que commencer. Il a plut\u00f4t propos\u00e9 un crit\u00e8re concret : d\u00e9terminer si le consentement libre, pr\u00e9alable et \u00e9clair\u00e9 inclut r\u00e9ellement chaque communaut\u00e9 et lui apporte effectivement des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon les auteurs, ce sont l\u00e0 des indicateurs essentiels pour d\u00e9terminer si la notion de haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u2014 notamment sociale \u2014 va au-del\u00e0 du simple discours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
AIDESEP<\/a>, <\/span>Amazonie<\/a>, <\/span>carbone de haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9<\/a>, <\/span>changement climatique<\/a>, <\/span>cr\u00e9dits carbone<\/a>, <\/span>gouvernance foresti\u00e8re<\/a>, <\/span>Grupo Per\u00fa<\/a>, <\/span>Landscape Alliance<\/a>, <\/span>march\u00e9s du carbone<\/a>, <\/span>P\u00e9rou<\/a>, <\/span>Peuples autochtones<\/a>, <\/span>REDD+<\/a>, <\/span>REDD+ juridictionnelle<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n
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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Qu\u2019est-ce qui fait r\u00e9ellement des cr\u00e9dits carbone de \u00ab haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u00bb ? Une nouvelle \u00e9tude examine comment, au P\u00e9rou, une coalition REDD+ juridictionnelle dirig\u00e9e par des peuples autochtones renouvelle le d\u00e9bat en accordant \u00e0 la gouvernance, aux droits et \u00e0 la participation des communaut\u00e9s une place aussi importante qu\u2019aux r\u00e9sultats climatiques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":309,"featured_media":141597,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12059,12040,12103,12111,12051,12090],"tags":[13698,13229,13707,12542,13704,13521,13700,13054,13705,13709,12915,13284,13708],"language":[2170],"location":[12239,12229],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[2432],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[8801],"class_list":["post-163928","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-etre-humain","category-changement-climatique-et-energetique","category-foresterie-communautaire","category-forests-news-fr","category-gestion-et-restauration-forestiere","category-redd","tag-aidesep","tag-amazonie","tag-carbone-de-haute-integrite","tag-changement-climatique","tag-credits-carbone","tag-gouvernance-forestiere","tag-grupo-peru","tag-landscape-alliance","tag-marches-du-carbone","tag-perou","tag-peuples-autochtones","tag-redd","tag-redd-juridictionnelle","language-francais","location-latin-america","location-peru","type-english-feature"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWho defines high-integrity carbon? Peru\u2019s Indigenous answer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une nouvelle \u00e9tude examine comment, au P\u00e9rou, une coalition REDD+ juridictionnelle dirig\u00e9e par des peuples autochtones red\u00e9finit le carbone de haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 en s\u2019appuyant sur la gouvernance, les droits et la participation des communaut\u00e9s.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/163928\/perou-carbone-haute-integrite-peuples-autochtones-redd\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Peru\u2019s Indigenous coalition reshapes high-integrity carbon\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Who gets to define \u201chigh-integrity\u201d carbon? In Peru, Indigenous organizations are helping reshape the answer through a world-first jurisdictional REDD+ coalition built on governance, rights and community participation.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/163928\/perou-carbone-haute-integrite-peuples-autochtones-redd\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-03T02:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Marlondag-CIFOR-Sol-Mujeres-SF-105-copy.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sandra Cordon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Peru\u2019s Indigenous coalition reshapes high-integrity carbon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/163928\\\/perou-carbone-haute-integrite-peuples-autochtones-redd#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr\\\/163928\\\/perou-carbone-haute-integrite-peuples-autochtones-redd\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sandra Cordon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/fr#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2fc5053b2bc7ccacb70ea5c3e19e1a5a\"},\"headline\":\"Qui d\u00e9finit le \u00ab carbone \u00e0 haute int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \u00bb ? 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