{"id":162758,"date":"2026-08-26T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/162758\/a-butterfly-country"},"modified":"2026-08-24T23:50:11","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T16:50:11","slug":"effet-papillon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/162758\/effet-papillon","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019effet papillon\u00a0: Un seul insecte peut-il sauver la for\u00eat tropicale humide\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u2019\u00eatre humain a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 captiv\u00e9 par les papillons.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Que ce soit en raison des motifs de leurs ailes aux couleurs vives et lustr\u00e9es, de l\u2019apparente l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 avec laquelle ils volettent et pratiquent la chute libre dans le ciel, ou de la m\u00e9tamorphose de la chrysalide qui donne lieu \u00e0 tant de m\u00e9taphores de l\u2019espoir, de la r\u00e9surrection et de la transformation, ils produisent sur nous un effet que nous n\u2019observons pas chez les autres insectes<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notre amour pour ces cr\u00e9atures s\u2019est souvent exprim\u00e9 par le d\u00e9sir de les poss\u00e9der, m\u00eame si cela met fin \u00e0 leur vie en plein vol. Cela fait des si\u00e8cles que les humains attrapent et tuent les papillons pour les collectionner : ce sont peut-\u00eatre les \u00ab animaux les plus commercialis\u00e9s sur la plan\u00e8te<\/a>. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour de nombreux collectionneurs, le \u00ab joyau de la couronne \u00bb est le papillon de la Reine Alexandra, l\u2019Ornithoptera alexandrae<\/em>, le plus grand que l\u2019on connaisse dans le monde. Son commerce est ill\u00e9gal, mais les braconniers peuvent empocher<\/a> 10 000 USD au march\u00e9 noir pour un seul sp\u00e9cimen : il est relativement facile de les faire passer en contrebande, car les rayons X des ports internationaux ne les d\u00e9tectent pas. L\u2019envergure des femelles de cette esp\u00e8ce, qui sont marron avec des motifs jaunes, peut atteindre presque 30 centim\u00e8tres. Les m\u00e2les sont plus petits, mais plus resplendissants, avec leurs ailes d\u2019un noir mat qui pr\u00e9sentent des rayures iridescentes vertes, jaunes et bleues.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bien connu des clans autochtones de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e depuis des dizaines de milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es, ce papillon a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab d\u00e9couvert \u00bb par la science occidentale en 1906. C\u2019est le naturaliste londonien Albert Stewart Meek, en mission pour capturer de nouvelles esp\u00e8ces, qui rep\u00e9ra un \u00e9norme papillon inconnu volant haut dans la canop\u00e9e, quelque part sur la plaine de Popondetta situ\u00e9e aujourd\u2019hui dans la province d\u2019Oro. Il leva son fusil et tira vers le ciel.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maintenant, la province d\u2019Oro est fi\u00e8re d\u2019afficher la silhouette du papillon de la Reine Alexandra sur son drapeau et, au march\u00e9 de Popondetta, la capitale de la province, on peut acheter un T-shirt orn\u00e9 de l\u2019image de cet insecte. Mais pour voir de vos yeux le papillon, il vous faudra rouler longtemps pour sortir de la ville, passer \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de tas d\u2019ordures qui br\u00fblent, de cl\u00f4tures de barbel\u00e9s et de centaines de rang\u00e9es de palmiers \u00e0 huile qui remplacent d\u00e9sormais l\u2019habitat naturel de cet animal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019aire de r\u00e9partition connue<\/a> de ce papillon ne repr\u00e9sente maintenant que 140 kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s, presque exclusivement en for\u00eat tropicale humide primaire. Il d\u00e9pend pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment de plusieurs esp\u00e8ces apparent\u00e9es d\u2019Aristolochia <\/em>dont les lianes grimpent \u00e0 travers le sous-bois, et constituent le seul aliment consomm\u00e9 par ses chenilles et le seul site o\u00f9 il pond ses \u0153ufs.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab C\u2019est leur nourriture, et aussi l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 ils vivent \u00bb<\/em>, d\u00e9clare Elton Nukara, qui habite le village de Dareki dans la province. Ce village est situ\u00e9 sur le plateau de Managalas, qui est l\u2019un des deux derniers bastions de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce et le site de la nouvelle zone de conservation, la Managalas Conservation Area (MCA). Cette zone gigantesque a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite d\u2019un processus qui a dur\u00e9 30 ans sous la houlette d\u2019une ONG locale Partners with Melanesians (PWM) et gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un financement de la Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN). <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Elton Nukara montre la liane sur laquelle l\u2019ornithopt\u00e8re de la reine Alexandra pond ses \u0153ufs. Photo : Monica Evans \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La vingtaine, mince et muscl\u00e9, Nukara a r\u00e9cemment remplac\u00e9 son p\u00e8re qui s\u2019occupait d\u2019un des \u00ab \u00e9levages de papillons \u00bb du plateau. Le projet vise \u00e0 permettre \u00e0 l\u2019esp\u00e8ce de prolif\u00e9rer en capturant chenilles et chrysalides pour les mettre dans une voli\u00e8re ombrag\u00e9e, \u00e0 l\u2019abri des oiseaux et des araign\u00e9es gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une \u00ab moustiquaire \u00bb verte, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 leur transformation en papillons qui seront ensuite lib\u00e9r\u00e9s dans la for\u00eat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si le but de ces travaux est bien intentionn\u00e9, la recherche encore balbutiante sur le cycle de vie de cette esp\u00e8ce ne permet pas de savoir si cette strat\u00e9gie de conservation est v\u00e9ritablement efficace. Et l\u2019\u00e9closion des papillons en confinement pourrait en faire des cibles encore plus faciles pour les braconniers : la contrebande existe toujours et Managalas en reste l\u2019origine la plus probable. Par ailleurs, certains sp\u00e9cialistes de la conservation pr\u00e9conisent<\/a> d\u2019assouplir la protection du commerce des papillons et d\u2019encourager la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019\u00e9levages \u00e0 des fins commerciales, car cela serait susceptible de motiver la population locale \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leur habitat tout en offrant des moyens de subsistance viables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Elton Nukara devant la voli\u00e8re \u00e0 papillons. Photo : Monica Evans \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Deux Ornithoptera priamus<\/em> en train de s\u2019accoupler. Photo : Danumurthi Mahendra \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dans une petite clairi\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019or\u00e9e de la for\u00eat tropicale humide et \u00e0 environ 10 minutes de marche du village, de l\u2019autre c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la crique en passant par une bananeraie et un champ de manioc, se trouve l\u2019\u00e9levage o\u00f9 Nukara nous pr\u00e9sente certains insectes, qu\u2019il traite avec beaucoup d\u2019affection et de soin. Les chenilles sont les plus grandes et les plus \u00e9tranges que j\u2019aie jamais vues : d\u2019un noir d\u2019encre, recouvertes de longues \u00e9pines \u00e9carlates, presque aussi \u00e9paisses que mon gros orteil et pouvant mesurer 12 centim\u00e8tres de long. Elles ne se nourrissent que de lianes d\u2019Aristolochia<\/em>, qui sont toxiques pour de nombreux animaux qui les fuient.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Une chrysalide d\u2019ornithopt\u00e8re de la reine Alexandra. Photo : Monica Evans \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Elton Nukara montre une liane du genre Aristolochia<\/em>. Photo : Monica Evans \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Nukara nous montre une liane fl\u00e9trie enroul\u00e9e autour d\u2019un arbre, avec une chrysalide fix\u00e9e sur une branche en hauteur. \u00ab Quand une chenille est pr\u00eate \u00e0 devenir chrysalide, elle descend le long de la liane en mangeant tout sur son passage \u00bb<\/em>, pr\u00e9cise-t-il. \u00ab Ensuite, elle remonte et fait sa chrysalide \u00bb.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon sa th\u00e9orie, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme d\u2019autod\u00e9fense : \u00ab Bient\u00f4t toute la liane va s\u2019\u00e9tioler comme celle-ci, et les autres animaux ne pourront donc pas y grimper pour se nourrir. C\u2019est comme si elle remontait l\u2019\u00e9chelle apr\u00e8s elle pour \u00eatre en s\u00e9curit\u00e9. \u00bb<\/em> D\u2019autres avancent que ce comportement incite la liane \u00e0 produire de nouvelles tiges afin d\u2019accueillir les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations suivantes de chenilles ; l\u00e0 encore, la poursuite des \u00e9tudes scientifiques est n\u00e9cessaire pour mieux comprendre le processus en jeu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Pour r\u00e9sumer : le papillon a besoin de la liane, la liane a besoin de la for\u00eat tropicale humide pour s\u2019accrocher, la for\u00eat tropicale humide a besoin de la protection de la population de Managalas et cette population pourrait bien aussi avoir besoin du papillon.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Le papillon de la Reine Alexandra est devenu l\u2019embl\u00e8me de la conservation, symbole de la vie animale et v\u00e9g\u00e9tale exceptionnelle de la r\u00e9gion et un atout pour attirer les indispensables financements des bailleurs de fonds qui ciblent la biodiversit\u00e9, comme RFN et l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE). La population locale esp\u00e8re que cet int\u00e9r\u00eat et ces investissements dans la biodiversit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9gion les aideront aussi \u00e0 satisfaire leurs aspirations en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9veloppement, telles que des emplois, des soins de sant\u00e9, des routes et des moyens pour l\u2019\u00e9ducation, de mani\u00e8re durable et non destructive. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Un ornithopt\u00e8re m\u00e2le de la reine Alexandra venant de sortir de sa chrysalide. Photo : Angelus Palik \/ Swallowtails and Birdwings: Butterfly Trust.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Il reste \u00e0 trouver comment les financements peuvent favoriser \u00e0 la fois la conservation et le d\u00e9veloppement dans la r\u00e9gion. La question reste ouverte, et c\u2019est beaucoup moins clair que le lien du papillon avec sa liane. Ces objectifs difficilement compatibles sont au c\u0153ur des travaux men\u00e9s actuellement par la Managalas Conservation Foundation (MCF), l\u2019organisme local qui g\u00e8re la nouvelle zone de conservation, aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s du personnel du Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale et du Centre International de Recherche en Agroforesterie (CIFOR-ICRAF)<\/a>, avec le soutien de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne. Avec des repr\u00e9sentants des 152 clans du plateau, cette fondation est en train de r\u00e9diger le premier plan de gestion officiel de la zone.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tRead also<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\tMaking Managalas: Consensus for conservation on PNG\u2019s Managalas Plateau<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Leur probl\u00e9matique : trouver des solutions afin que le territoire procure des moyens de subsistance durables tout en veillant \u00e0 la conservation \u00e0 long terme. Parmi les id\u00e9es \u00e9mises, il y a un centre de recherche sur la biodiversit\u00e9 (o\u00f9 sans aucun doute le papillon de la Reine Alexandra sera mis \u00e0 l\u2019honneur), parall\u00e8lement \u00e0 des initiatives d\u2019\u00e9cotourisme comme l\u2019observation des oiseaux et des papillons, la randonn\u00e9e et les cultures durables, telles que celles du caf\u00e9, du cacao et du bois. C\u2019est maintenant que vient le test grandeur nature : il faut mettre ces id\u00e9es en pratique et observer laquelle prend son envol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Pour plus d\u2019informations sur ce projet, veuillez contacter <\/em> William Unsworth (CIFOR-ICRAF): <\/i>w.unsworth@cifor-icraf.org<\/i><\/a> <\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u2019\u00eatre humain a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 captiv\u00e9 par les papillons. Que ce soit en raison des motifs de leurs ailes aux couleurs vives et lustr\u00e9es, de l\u2019apparente l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 avec laquelle ils volettent et pratiquent la chute libre dans le ciel, ou de la m\u00e9tamorphose de la chrysalide qui donne lieu \u00e0 tant de m\u00e9taphores de l\u2019espoir, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":264,"featured_media":149557,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12111],"tags":[13159,13456],"language":[2170],"location":[13183],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[2428],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[7144],"class_list":["post-162758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests-news-fr","tag-biodiversite","tag-papillon","language-francais","location-papua-new-guinea","type-english-photo-essay"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019effet papillon\u00a0: Un seul insecte peut-il sauver la for\u00eat tropicale humide\u00a0? 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