{"id":161767,"date":"2026-03-20T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T02:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/161767\/congo-basin-forests-underfunded-part1"},"modified":"2026-07-20T02:39:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-19T19:39:41","slug":"financement-forets-bassin-congo-par1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/161767\/financement-forets-bassin-congo-par1","title":{"rendered":"Bassin du Congo: g\u00e9ant climatique, parent pauvre des financements"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Premier volet d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019opinion en deux parties consacr\u00e9e au sous-financement du bassin du Congo par rapport aux autres grandes r\u00e9gions foresti\u00e8res tropicales.<\/mark><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le bassin du Congo absorbe six fois plus de dioxyde de carbone que l\u2019Amazonie. Il ne re\u00e7oit pourtant qu\u2019une infime part de l\u2019argent investi dans le monde pour am\u00e9liorer la gestion et la conservation des for\u00eats. Apr\u00e8s vingt ans pass\u00e9s \u00e0 travailler sur les politiques foresti\u00e8res tropicales, nous voyons dans ce d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre l\u2019une des d\u00e9faillances les plus dangereuses du march\u00e9 mondial de la finance climatique. Et la situation s\u2019aggrave, alors m\u00eame que les promesses se chiffrent en milliards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entre 2008 et 2017, les financements internationaux destin\u00e9s aux for\u00eats tropicales se sont r\u00e9partis \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s ainsi : 55 % pour l\u2019Asie du Sud-Est, 34 % pour l\u2019Amazonie et 11 % pour le bassin du Congo. Au cours de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie, cette r\u00e9partition n\u2019a gu\u00e8re boug\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depuis 2008, la Norv\u00e8ge a vers\u00e9 \u00e0 elle seule 1,2 milliard de dollars au Br\u00e9sil par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire du Fonds pour l\u2019Amazonie. En 2010, elle a conclu avec l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie un accord REDD+ comparable, d\u2019un montant de 1 milliard de dollars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Initiative pour la for\u00eat de l\u2019Afrique centrale (CAFI), qui couvre collectivement six pays du bassin du Congo, a mobilis\u00e9 680 millions de dollars d\u2019engagements au total. Deux lettres d\u2019intention ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9es avec la RDC, l\u2019une de 200 millions de dollars en 2016 et l\u2019autre de 500 millions en 2021. Des partenariats suppl\u00e9mentaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conclus avec le Gabon, la R\u00e9publique du Congo, le Cameroun et la Guin\u00e9e \u00e9quatoriale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Read also<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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When financing nature becomes inclusive: The moment for the TFFF and the Global South to lead<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mais les d\u00e9caissements ont tard\u00e9. \u00c0 la fin de 2020, seuls 202 millions de dollars avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s. Le rythme s\u2019est acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 en 2024, avec 122 millions d\u00e9caiss\u00e9s cette ann\u00e9e-l\u00e0, sans toutefois combler l\u2019\u00e9cart entre les promesses et l\u2019argent r\u00e9ellement disponible sur le terrain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour prendre la mesure du foss\u00e9, en dollars comme \u00e0 l\u2019hectare : les engagements pris par la CAFI envers la RDC depuis sa cr\u00e9ation en 2015, soit environ 700 millions de dollars au titre de deux lettres d\u2019intention, repr\u00e9sentent pr\u00e8s des deux tiers de ce que la Norv\u00e8ge a promis depuis 2008 \u00e0 un seul pays d\u2019Amazonie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Amazonie capte environ 1,14 dollar par hectare et par an de financements en faveur des for\u00eats tropicales. L\u2019Asie du Sud-Est re\u00e7oit entre 1,50 et 2,10 dollars. Les pays du bassin du Congo doivent se contenter de 0,21 \u00e0 0,50 dollar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour conserver efficacement les for\u00eats de la seule RDC, il faudrait 10 \u00e0 15 dollars par hectare et par an. Rapport\u00e9e aux 143 millions d\u2019hectares de for\u00eats du pays, la facture d\u00e9passerait 500 millions de dollars par an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vue a\u00e9rienne de la for\u00eat de Yangambi, en RDC. Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.angambi, DRC. Photo by Axel Fassio \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le Center for Global Development estime \u00e0 55 milliards de dollars par an la valeur du service d\u2019absorption du carbone rendu par le bassin du Congo. Dans le m\u00eame temps, l\u2019aide au d\u00e9veloppement consacr\u00e9e aux for\u00eats africaines plafonne en moyenne \u00e0 170 millions de dollars par an. Un rapport d\u2019environ 150 pour 1 entre la valeur du service et sa r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration : difficile d\u2019imaginer d\u00e9faillance plus criante dans la politique climatique mondiale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pourquoi un tel d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre ?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019explication la plus souvent avanc\u00e9e tient \u00e0 la gouvernance. Les pays du bassin du Congo affichent de mauvais r\u00e9sultats en mati\u00e8re de lutte contre la corruption, de transparence, d\u2019\u00c9tat de droit et dans les classements Doing Business. Investisseurs publics et priv\u00e9s avancent donc avec prudence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais la gouvernance n\u2019explique, au mieux, qu\u2019une fraction de l\u2019histoire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Indon\u00e9sie et le Br\u00e9sil obtiennent des scores proches de ceux des pays du bassin du Congo dans l\u2019indice de perception de la corruption de Transparency International. Tous se situent sous la barre m\u00e9diane de 50, comme plus des deux tiers des pays du monde. Pourtant, l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie et le Br\u00e9sil attirent infiniment plus de financements forestiers. Les indicateurs de gouvernance ne suffisent pas \u00e0 expliquer le foss\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Que se passe-t-il donc ? Nous avan\u00e7ons plusieurs hypoth\u00e8ses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019effet des fili\u00e8res mondiales<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un facteur trop souvent n\u00e9glig\u00e9 se joue sur les march\u00e9s mondiaux des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le meilleur et pour le pire, l\u2019huile de palme, le caoutchouc, le soja, le b\u0153uf et le bois relient directement les for\u00eats du Br\u00e9sil et d\u2019Asie du Sud-Est aux bilans des multinationales, de leurs banques et de leurs actionnaires. Ces fili\u00e8res font na\u00eetre, au sein des entreprises, des coalitions favorables \u00e0 la conservation et exercent une pression sur leur r\u00e9putation pour qu\u2019elles r\u00e9duisent la d\u00e9forestation. Elles cr\u00e9ent des d\u00e9pendances et des liens \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale qui n\u2019existent pas encore dans les pays du bassin du Congo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Traitement du caf\u00e9 dans les installations du programme caf\u00e9 \u00e0 Yangambi, province de la Tshopo, en RDC. <\/em>
Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Traitement du caf\u00e9 dans les installations du programme caf\u00e9 \u00e0 Yangambi, province de la Tshopo, en RDC. <\/em>
Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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P\u00e9pini\u00e8re de palmiers \u00e0 huile \u00e0 Yangambi, province de la Tshopo, en RDC. Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque Wilmar International a adopt\u00e9 une politique de z\u00e9ro d\u00e9forestation en 2013, par exemple, cette d\u00e9cision a entra\u00een\u00e9 une cascade d\u2019engagements dans toute la fili\u00e8re de l\u2019huile de palme. En moins de dix ans, l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie a ramen\u00e9 la d\u00e9forestation due \u00e0 cette culture \u00e0 environ 18 % de son niveau record.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Rimba Collective, soutenu par Nestl\u00e9, PepsiCo, Procter & Gamble et Wilmar, entend d\u00e9sormais mobiliser 1 milliard de dollars pour la conservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En comparaison, le bassin du Congo compte tr\u00e8s peu d\u2019entreprises ayant \u00e0 la fois de tels int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques, de tels r\u00e9seaux et leur r\u00e9putation directement en jeu. La d\u00e9forestation y est surtout aliment\u00e9e par l\u2019agriculture de subsistance et les activit\u00e9s qui l\u2019accompagnent, notamment la production de charbon de bois et l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re. R\u00e9sultat : peu de prise pour la responsabilit\u00e9 des entreprises et peu de pression exerc\u00e9e par les fili\u00e8res internationales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Construction d\u2019un four am\u00e9lior\u00e9 avec du bois issu d\u2019une plantation d\u2019acacias \u00e0 Yanonge, province de la Tshopo, en RDC. Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Production de charbon de bois dans un four am\u00e9lior\u00e9, aliment\u00e9 par une plantation d\u2019acacias \u00e0 Yanonge, province de la Tshopo, en RDC. Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le vice de conception de REDD+<\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le fonctionnement m\u00eame de REDD+ pose un autre probl\u00e8me structurel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le dispositif a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour r\u00e9compenser la baisse de la d\u00e9forestation, non le maintien de for\u00eats sur pied. D\u2019o\u00f9 une m\u00e9canique perverse : les pays qui avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9truit de vastes superficies foresti\u00e8res avant de ralentir le rythme, comme le Br\u00e9sil et l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9s. Ceux qui avaient r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leurs for\u00eats, comme le Gabon et la R\u00e9publique du Congo, ne l\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette logique du \u00ab pire d\u2019abord, pay\u00e9 d\u2019abord \u00bb a syst\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9tourn\u00e9 les financements des pays qui avaient gard\u00e9 leurs for\u00eats intactes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le nouveau Fonds pour la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 des for\u00eats tropicales (TFFF, selon le sigle anglais) semble con\u00e7u pour corriger ce d\u00e9faut. Il n\u2019est toutefois ni op\u00e9rationnel, ni enti\u00e8rement financ\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Read also<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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REDD+ can make poor households more vulnerable<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le trou noir du suivi<\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sans syst\u00e8mes de suivi, de notification et de v\u00e9rification (MRV, selon le sigle anglais), les pays ne peuvent pas prouver leurs r\u00e9ductions d\u2019\u00e9missions. Ils sont donc priv\u00e9s des paiements fond\u00e9s sur les r\u00e9sultats, quelle que soit la quantit\u00e9 de carbone r\u00e9ellement s\u00e9questr\u00e9e par leurs for\u00eats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Br\u00e9sil surveille la d\u00e9forestation par satellite depuis 1988 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son Institut national de recherche spatiale (INPE), qui emploie environ 2 000 personnes. L\u2019Indon\u00e9sie a b\u00e2ti un syst\u00e8me national de MRV ayant permis de v\u00e9rifier une baisse des \u00e9missions de 577 millions de tonnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e a consacr\u00e9 dix ans \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un inventaire forestier national. Cet investissement lui a valu, en 2025, son premier paiement REDD+ fond\u00e9 sur les r\u00e9sultats : 63,4 millions de dollars vers\u00e9s par le Fonds vert pour le climat. Le pays est pourtant class\u00e9 au m\u00eame niveau que plusieurs \u00c9tats du bassin du Congo dans l\u2019indice de perception de la corruption. Il a malgr\u00e9 tout r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 ouvrir l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la finance climatique fond\u00e9e sur les r\u00e9sultats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La le\u00e7on est nette : des infrastructures scientifiques et des donn\u00e9es solides, transparentes et v\u00e9rifiables sont la condition d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux financements climatiques, pas un suppl\u00e9ment de confort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 l\u2019exception possible du Gabon, les pays du bassin du Congo ne disposent pas de syst\u00e8mes nationaux de suivi de cette ampleur. La r\u00e9gion b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie en revanche d\u2019un appui consid\u00e9rable de la recherche internationale, qui grossit de jour en jour au fil des initiatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Observation de la ph\u00e9nologie sur une parcelle d\u2019afrormosia par des techniciens de l\u2019INERA \u00e0 Yangambi, en RDC. Photo : Axel Fassio\/CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Depuis plus de vingt ans, la Commission europ\u00e9enne soutient ainsi la cr\u00e9ation, l\u2019actualisation et l\u2019am\u00e9lioration r\u00e9guli\u00e8res de l\u2019Observatoire des for\u00eats d\u2019Afrique centrale (OFAC). Coordonn\u00e9 par le CIFOR-ICRAF, l\u2019OFAC est aujourd\u2019hui une unit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e de la Commission des for\u00eats d\u2019Afrique centrale (COMIFAC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet organisme r\u00e9gional est devenu la principale infrastructure de connaissance du bassin. Sa publication phare, Les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo : \u00e9tat des for\u00eats<\/em>, a connu sept \u00e9ditions depuis 2005. Celle de 2021 a r\u00e9uni 152 auteurs autour de 13 chapitres. Elle reste la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour quiconque travaille sur les for\u00eats d\u2019Afrique centrale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais l\u2019OFAC, ses partenaires et les autres initiatives ne peuvent remplacer ce dont la r\u00e9gion a besoin : des syst\u00e8mes nationaux de suivi que les gouvernements du bassin du Congo puissent exploiter, entretenir et \u00e9tendre en toute autonomie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

> Lire la deuxi\u00e8me partie<\/a> de cette s\u00e9rie, consacr\u00e9e aux failles institutionnelles plus profondes du bassin du Congo et aux conditions n\u00e9cessaires pour assurer son avenir.<\/em><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A lire aussi<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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PART 2: Avenir des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo : ce qui doit changer<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le bassin du Congo absorbe six fois plus de CO\u2082 que l\u2019Amazonie, mais ne re\u00e7oit qu\u2019une part infime des financements forestiers mondiaux. Gouvernance, fili\u00e8res \u00e9conomiques, r\u00e8gles de REDD+ et manque de syst\u00e8mes de suivi : Robert Nasi et Paolo Omar Cerutti analysent les causes d\u2019un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre qui menace l\u2019avenir de la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":156938,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12079,12111,12051],"tags":[13282,12833,13283,12834,13012,13284],"language":[2170],"location":[12246,12220],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3436,2998,13287,11717,3080,11785,13285,3196,13286],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[12379,2424,8171],"type-francais":[3001],"coauthors":[851,1561],"class_list":["post-161767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deforestation-fr","category-forests-news-fr","category-gestion-et-restauration-forestiere","tag-climate-finance","tag-congo-basin","tag-conservation-funding","tag-deforestation","tag-forest-governance","tag-redd","language-francais","location-africa","location-congo-basin","tag-francais-afrique-centrale","tag-francais-bassin-du-congo","tag-francais-cafi","tag-francais-conservation-des-forets","tag-francais-deforestation","tag-francais-finance-climatique","tag-francais-financement-forestier","tag-francais-redd","tag-francais-tfff","type-english-analysis","type-english-analysis-opinion","type-english-opinions","type-francais-a-la-une"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFinancement des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo : le grand \u00e9cart<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le financement des for\u00eats du bassin du Congo reste d\u00e9risoire, malgr\u00e9 leur r\u00f4le climatique majeur. 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