{"id":157169,"date":"2026-03-25T01:44:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T18:44:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/157169\/hunting-to-enterprise-nyawa-zambia"},"modified":"2026-03-25T07:30:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T00:30:54","slug":"de-la-chasse-a-lenterpreneuriat-nyawa-zambia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/157169\/de-la-chasse-a-lenterpreneuriat-nyawa-zambia","title":{"rendered":"De la chasse \u00e0 l\u2019entrepreneuriat : comment la formation et les coop\u00e9ratives transforment les moyens de subsistance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pendant pr\u00e8s de 25 ans, Elliot Mudenda d\u00e9pendait de la chasse pour subvenir aux besoins de sa famille \u00e0 Nyawa, au sud de la Zambie. Il avait commenc\u00e9 comme agriculteur, mais les s\u00e9cheresses r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es ont progressivement rendu l\u2019agriculture peu fiable et peu productive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sans d’autres sources de revenus, la chasse est devenue pour lui un moyen de survie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pourtant, Elliot connaissait les risques \u2014 l\u2019obscurit\u00e9 avant l\u2019aube, les longues heures pass\u00e9es \u00e0 traquer le gibier dans la brousse, la menace constante des animaux sauvages, la peur de croiser des gardes forestiers pouvant l\u2019arr\u00eater, ou encore le risque de blessure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Je n\u2019ai jamais cess\u00e9 de me soucier de la faune sauvage \u00bb, confie Elliot, conscient que cette voie n\u2019\u00e9tait pas durable. \u00ab Mais je devais aussi survivre. \u00bb <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, Elliot a abandonn\u00e9 la chasse. Il g\u00e8re d\u00e9sormais des \u00e9tangs piscicoles en tant que membre de la coop\u00e9rative piscicole de Sianyongo. Ce changement repr\u00e9sente bien plus qu\u2019une reconversion professionnelle \u2014 il s\u2019inscrit dans une exp\u00e9rience plus large visant \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer que la conservation peut r\u00e9ussir en offrant aux populations des alternatives \u00e9conomiques viables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Programme de gestion durable de la faune sauvage (SWM)<\/a>, financ\u00e9 par l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne et mis en \u0153uvre par le Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale et le Centre International de Recherche en Agroforesterie (CIFOR-ICRAF) <\/a>et ses partenaires, repose sur un principe simple : la conservation ne peut r\u00e9ussir l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les moyens de subsistance \u00e9chouent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Portrait
Elliot Mudenda, membre de la coop\u00e9rative piscicole de Sianyongo \u00e0 Nyawa, au Sud de la Zambie. Cr\u00e9dit Photo: CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Quand l’agriculture ne suffit plus<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019exp\u00e9rience d\u2019Elliot refl\u00e8te une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 famili\u00e8re dans de nombreuses zones rurales de Zambie, o\u00f9 la variabilit\u00e9 climatique a rendu l\u2019agriculture pluviale de plus en plus impr\u00e9visible. Il avait commenc\u00e9 comme agriculteur, mais lorsque les pluies ont cess\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre r\u00e9guli\u00e8res au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000, ses rendements ont chut\u00e9. Avec peu d\u2019alternatives et une famille \u00e0 nourrir, il s\u2019est tourn\u00e9 vers ce que la for\u00eat pouvait offrir. Il a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 chasser pendant des ann\u00e9es, malgr\u00e9 les dangers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque CIFOR-ICRAF, dans le cadre du programme SWM, a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler \u00e0 Nyawa en 2022, Elliot a vu une opportunit\u00e9 de changement. \u00ab J\u2019attendais avec impatience les alternatives que le programme SWM nous apportait \u00bb, explique-t-il. \u00ab Nous avions besoin de moyens plus s\u00fbrs et plus fiables pour gagner notre vie. \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A Lire Egalement<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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How community conservancies are restoring wildlife and biodiversity in Zambia\u2019s KAZA Corridor <\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Construire des alternatives: pisciculture et infrastructures communautaires<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019initiative a soutenu les communaut\u00e9s de Nyawa dans la cr\u00e9ation et le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019entreprises fond\u00e9es sur des solutions bas\u00e9es sur la nature, notamment la pisciculture, l’apiculture et l’\u00e9levage de ch\u00e8vres. La coop\u00e9rative piscicole de Sianyongo, cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 2024, est n\u00e9e de ces efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au-del\u00e0 de la construction d\u2019\u00e9tangs piscicoles, le programme a install\u00e9 des pompes submersibles permettant de g\u00e9rer les bassins tout en servant d\u2019infrastructure communautaire pour l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau. Auparavant, de nombreux m\u00e9nages devaient parcourir de longues distances pour collecter de l\u2019eau. D\u00e9sormais, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau est plus proche et plus fiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elliot a \u00e9galement b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 de la mise en place d\u2019un bain d\u2019aspersion pour le b\u00e9tail \u2014 une installation permettant de pr\u00e9venir les maladies transmises par les tiques et autres parasites, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 maintenir les animaux en bonne sant\u00e9. Cette infrastructure fonctionne aussi comme une entreprise communautaire, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant des revenus tout en renfor\u00e7ant l\u2019appropriation locale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces investissements r\u00e9duisent la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9nages et cr\u00e9ent des sources de revenus l\u00e9gales, plus s\u00fbres et plus durables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/div><\/span>
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Des membres de la communaut\u00e9 r\u00e9coltent du poisson dans un \u00e9tang piscicole communautaire dans le sud de la Zambie. Cr\u00e9dit Photo : Edward Banda \/ CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9fi de la gouvernance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Nyawa, comme ailleurs, montre que la cr\u00e9ation de coop\u00e9ratives ne constitue qu\u2019une partie de la solution. Dans la pratique, de nombreux groupes fonctionnaient initialement davantage comme des b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires d\u2019appui que comme de v\u00e9ritables entreprises structur\u00e9es. Ils manquaient des syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance, de discipline financi\u00e8re et d\u2019orientation vers les march\u00e9s. Sans une gestion solide, les entreprises peinaient \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper. Et lorsque les revenus restaient faibles, certains membres retournaient vers des activit\u00e9s ill\u00e9gales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour combler ces lacunes, CIFOR-ICRAF a collabor\u00e9 avec le minist\u00e8re zambien du D\u00e9veloppement des petites et moyennes entreprises afin d\u2019organiser une formation de cinq jours sur le d\u00e9veloppement entrepreneurial dans le district de Zimba, destin\u00e9e aux coop\u00e9ratives de Nyawa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A Lire Egalement<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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De la chasse \u00e0 la pisciculture : une transition durable dans les communaut\u00e9s rurales de Zambie<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le programme de formation couvre notamment : le d\u00e9veloppement d’entreprise, la valorisation des produits, le marketing, la gestion financi\u00e8re et l’acc\u00e8s au financement. Son objectif est clair : repositionner les coop\u00e9ratives comme de v\u00e9ritables entreprises capables de se maintenir au-del\u00e0 du soutien initial des projets et de devenir des moteurs du d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique local. Selon Daniel Phiri, consultant en sauvegardes sociales qui facilite la formation pour CIFOR-ICRAF, l\u2019accent est mis sur la durabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Nous cherchons \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une culture du changement \u00bb, explique-t-il. \u00ab Dans le pass\u00e9, les communaut\u00e9s lan\u00e7aient des activit\u00e9s comme la pisciculture, mais sans syst\u00e8mes solides de gestion, elles ne duraient pas. Aujourd\u2019hui, nous renfor\u00e7ons la mani\u00e8re dont ces entreprises sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es afin qu\u2019elles deviennent durables. \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Trainer
Owen Kawila du minist\u00e8re des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises de la Zambie anime une formation sur le d\u00e9veloppement entrepreneurial destin\u00e9e aux coop\u00e9ratives. Cr\u00e9dit Photo : CIFOR-ICRAF. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"Participants
Des membres de la coop\u00e9rative participent \u00e0 une discussion de groupe lors d\u2019une formation sur le d\u00e9veloppement entrepreneurial \u00e0 Nyawa, dans le sud de la Zambie. Cr\u00e9dit Photo: CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Apprendre les r\u00e8gles de l\u2019entreprise collective<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pour Elliot et les autres membres de la coop\u00e9rative, l\u2019un des aspects les plus r\u00e9v\u00e9lateurs de la formation a \u00e9t\u00e9 la gouvernance coop\u00e9rative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avant cette formation, de nombreux membres ne comprenaient pas comment utiliser les statuts de la coop\u00e9ratives, comment responsabiliser les dirigeants, comment prendre des d\u00e9cisions dans l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des membres. Ces lacunes de gouvernance conduisaient parfois \u00e0 de mauvaises d\u00e9cisions et \u00e0 des performances faibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Nous ne comprenions pas correctement les statuts auparavant \u00bb, reconna\u00eet Elliot. \u00ab Maintenant, nous savons comment la direction doit fonctionner, comment les membres peuvent questionner les d\u00e9cisions et comment am\u00e9liorer la coop\u00e9rative. \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La formation aborde \u00e9galement l\u2019acc\u00e8s au financement via des programmes publics tels que : le Fonds de d\u00e9veloppement des circonscriptions et la Commission pour l\u2019autonomisation \u00e9conomique des citoyens \u2014 Des ressources dont beaucoup ignoraient jusque-l\u00e0 les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019acc\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Group
Participants et formateurs r\u00e9unis \u00e0 l\u2019issue de la formation sur le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019entreprises organis\u00e9e dans le district de Zimba, au sud de la Zambie. Cr\u00e9dit Photo: CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

La conservation gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des moyens de subsistance viables<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ce qui se passe \u00e0 Nyawa montre que la conservation efficace n\u00e9cessite bien plus que des patrouilles et des sanctions. Lorsque les communaut\u00e9s disposent d\u2019entreprises fonctionnelles, d\u2019un acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s, de comp\u00e9tences entrepreneuriales, l’incitation \u00e0 retourner vers des activit\u00e9s ill\u00e9gales ou non durables diminue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des coop\u00e9ratives solides cr\u00e9ent bien plus que des revenus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elles renforcent la gouvernance locale, d\u00e9veloppent le sentiment d\u2019appropriation, offrent aux familles la possibilit\u00e9 de planifier l\u2019avenir au-del\u00e0 de la prochaine r\u00e9colte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le programme pr\u00e9voit d\u00e9sormais de reproduire ce mod\u00e8le de formation \u00e0 Musokotwane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour Elliot, ce changement est d\u00e9j\u00e0 concret. Il ne d\u00e9pend plus de la chasse. Il g\u00e8re aujourd\u2019hui des \u00e9tangs piscicoles au sein de la coop\u00e9rative de Sianyongo et participe \u00e0 la construction d\u2019une entreprise plus structur\u00e9e et plus responsable. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son exp\u00e9rience illustre un principe central du Programme de gestion durable de la faune sauvage : Lorsque des moyens de subsistance viables existent et sont bien g\u00e9r\u00e9s, la conservation cesse d\u2019\u00eatre uniquement un objectif politique \u2014 elle devient un choix pratique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"Group
Participants et formateurs r\u00e9unis \u00e0 l\u2019issue de la formation sur le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019entreprises organis\u00e9e dans le district de Zimba, au sud de la Zambie. Cr\u00e9dit photo : CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\u00c0 propos du Programme de gestion durable de la faune sauvage (SWM)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le programme de Gestion Durable de la Faune Sauvage (SWM)<\/a> est une initiative internationale majeure visant \u00e0 renforcer la conservation et l\u2019utilisation durable de la faune sauvage dans les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes forestiers, de savane et de zones humides. Il est financ\u00e9 par l’Union europ\u00e9enne, avec un co-financement du Fonds fran\u00e7ais pour l’Environnement Mondial (FFEM) <\/a>et L’Agence fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement (AFD)<\/a>. Des projets pilotes sont actuellement mis en \u0153uvre avec les gouvernements et les communaut\u00e9s dans 15 pays participants. Le programme est mis en oeuvre par un consortium dynamique de partenaires comprenant: <\/em>CIFOR-ICRAF<\/a> , l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO)<\/a>, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)<\/a> et le Centre de Coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD)<\/a>.<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

En Zambie, les activit\u00e9s du programme SWM sont mises en \u0153uvre par le gouvernement de la R\u00e9publique de Zambie ainsi que par les autorit\u00e9s traditionnelles de Nyawa et de Musokotwane, en collaboration avec CIFOR-ICRAF.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pendant pr\u00e8s de 25 ans, Elliot Mudenda d\u00e9pendait de la chasse pour subvenir aux besoins de sa famille \u00e0 Nyawa, au sud de la Zambie. Il avait commenc\u00e9 comme agriculteur, mais les s\u00e9cheresses r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es ont progressivement rendu l\u2019agriculture peu fiable et peu productive. Sans d’autres sources de revenus, la chasse est devenue pour lui un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":531,"featured_media":156888,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12059,12111],"tags":[12715,12716,12717,12726,12691,12718,12731,12719,12720,12556,12729,12730,12725,11541,12721,12722,9536,12723,12724],"language":[2170],"location":[12278],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[12733,12184,12734,9164,12732],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[12689],"class_list":["post-157169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-etre-humain","category-forests-news-fr","tag-capacity-development","tag-comminity-conservation","tag-community-based-conservation","tag-conservation-communautaires","tag-cooperatives","tag-developpement-dentreprises","tag-enterprise-development","tag-fish-farming","tag-food-security","tag-moyens-de-subsistance-durables","tag-pisciculture","tag-renforcement-des-capacites","tag-securite-alimentaire","tag-sustainable-livelihoods","tag-sustainable-wildlife-management-programme","tag-swm-programme","tag-wildlife-conservation","language-francais","location-zambia","tag-francais-cooperatives","tag-francais-gestion-durable-de-la-faune","tag-francais-pisciculture","tag-francais-renforcement-des-capacites","tag-francais-securite-alimention"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFrom 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