{"id":15490,"date":"2013-05-01T07:28:12","date_gmt":"2013-05-01T00:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=15490"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:35:43","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:35:43","slug":"interview-la-reforme-de-la-tenure-forestiere-avance-mais-des-questions-demeurent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/15490\/interview-la-reforme-de-la-tenure-forestiere-avance-mais-des-questions-demeurent","title":{"rendered":"Interview: la r\u00e9forme de la tenure foresti\u00e8re avance, mais des questions demeurent"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Recolectores<\/a>
Cultivateurs de noix du Br\u00e9sil \u00e0 Puerto Maldonado au P\u00e9rou. CIFOR\/Gabriela Ram\u00edrez Galindo<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

LIMA, P\u00e9rou (10 Avril 2013) \u2013 Au cours des trente derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, au moins <\/span><\/span>200 millions d’hectares de for\u00eat<\/a>*<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>ont \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 des communaut\u00e9s locales ou \u00e0 des populations autochtones. Par cons\u00e9quent, les communaut\u00e9s poss\u00e8dent ou g\u00e8rent maintenant un peu plus de 11% des for\u00eats du monde – 22% dans les pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab Il y a une plus grande acceptation de l’id\u00e9e que les personnes vivant dans les for\u00eats pourraient \u00eatre de bons gestionnaires forestiers et\/ou pourraient avoir des droits l\u00e9gitimes sur celles-ci \u00bb, dit Anne Larson, chercheuse chevronn\u00e9e au Centre pour la Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale (CIFOR), en ajoutant que l\u2019\u00e9volution des r\u00e9gimes fonciers ne signifiait pas n\u00e9cessairement que les communaut\u00e9s puissent profiter pleinement des ressources foresti\u00e8res.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche sur l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 et les moyens de subsistance dans la foresterie communautaire, Mme Larson et d’autres chercheurs ont compar\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes de cas d’Am\u00e9rique latine, d’Asie et d’Afrique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dans certains pays asiatiques, ils ont constat\u00e9 que les gouvernements ou les grandes entreprises d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re avaient les droits sur les for\u00eats les plus pr\u00e9cieuses, alors que les communaut\u00e9s ont re\u00e7u des terres d\u00e9grad\u00e9es. Dans plusieurs pays africains, des groupes d’\u00e9lite ont tir\u00e9 les plus grands avantages \u00e9conomiques, alors que les communaut\u00e9s ont peu b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 de leurs for\u00eats.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les plus grandes \u00e9tendues de for\u00eats aux mains de communaut\u00e9s se situent en Am\u00e9rique Latine, o\u00f9 les communaut\u00e9s autochtones ont acquis de plus en plus de droits fonciers.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab Les communaut\u00e9s font face \u00e0 un parcours tr\u00e8s long et difficile, allant du gain des droits sur le papier \u00e0 l’obtention de leurs mises en \u0153uvre, en passant par l\u2019application pratique des droits et l’am\u00e9lioration des moyens de subsistance \u00bb, dit Mme Larson, qui a coordonn\u00e9 la publication de l’\u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans un <\/span><\/span>num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>* du journal Conservation and Society<\/em> en 2012.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ci-dessous elle r\u00e9pond \u00e0 des questions sur certains des r\u00e9sultats des chercheurs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Combien de changements peuvent-\u00eatre r\u00e9ellement atteints par la r\u00e9forme de la tenure foresti\u00e8re ?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R:<\/strong> \u00ab Les cons\u00e9quences d’une r\u00e9forme d\u00e9pendent de nombreux facteurs, comme en t\u00e9moignent les r\u00e9formes pass\u00e9es qui ont eu des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sastreuses pour les populations locales – m\u00eame celles qui auraient sembl\u00e9 avoir de bonnes intentions ou qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9tendument lanc\u00e9es pour formaliser ou garantir les droits locaux ont souvent fini par b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier \u00e0 des \u00e9trangers ou des \u00e9lites et laisser les populations locales avec encore moins que ce qu’elles avaient pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment. Il y a deux questions cl\u00e9s : comment les droits seront-ils garantis, et pour qui ? M\u00eame ceux qui ont bonnes intentions sont susceptibles de rencontrer des pratiques complexes difficiles \u00e0 g\u00e9rer. En m\u00eame temps, la r\u00e9forme fonci\u00e8re peut aider \u00e0 garantir les droits des populations locales ou autochtones \u00e0 leurs terres, ce qui peut poser les bases d’une plus grande s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des moyens de subsistance. \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quelles sont les limites d\u2019une r\u00e9forme du r\u00e9gime foncier ?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R:<\/b> \u00ab Une r\u00e9forme en tant que telle n’est pas suffisante. Un titre ou un droit \u00e0 la terre est vide de sens s\u2019il n’est pas soutenu par un \u00e9tat pr\u00eat \u00e0 appliquer la loi, comme par exemple dans le cas de l’invasion de territoires indig\u00e8nes par des \u00e9trangers. Un titre foncier n’apporte pas n\u00e9cessairement la s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Il reste beaucoup \u00e0 faire pour comprendre ce qui assure r\u00e9ellement la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en pratique. En outre, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d’occupation fonci\u00e8re n’entra\u00eene pas n\u00e9cessairement une am\u00e9lioration des moyens de subsistance, sauf s’il existe des politiques suppl\u00e9mentaires pour s\u00e9curiser la situation des personnes qui ont moins de pouvoir.\u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Pourquoi est-il si difficile pour les communaut\u00e9s de mettre les droits qu’ils ont gagn\u00e9 en pratique ?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R<\/b>: \u00ab Obtenir les droits sur le papier est habituellement une \u00e9norme bataille, mais la mise en \u0153uvre de ces droits signifie que les communaut\u00e9s doivent constamment remettre en question le statu quo et les int\u00e9r\u00eats concurrents dans leurs terres ou for\u00eats. \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quelles sont les cl\u00e9s de la r\u00e9ussite d\u2019une r\u00e9forme ?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R:<\/b> \u00ab Il n’y a pas de solution miracle. Il est important de faire des efforts consid\u00e9rables pour comprendre chaque cas particulier. \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quels sont les obstacles auxquels font face les communaut\u00e9s pour g\u00e9rer leurs for\u00eats ?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R:<\/b> Il y en a tellement, il est difficile de savoir par o\u00f9 commencer. Mais fondamentalement les structures juridiques et r\u00e9glementaires pour la gestion des for\u00eats – et de nombreux efforts pour soutenir la \u00ab foresterie communautaire \u00bb, en particulier en Am\u00e9rique latine – sont bas\u00e9es sur des mod\u00e8les d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re industrielle qui ne sont pas adapt\u00e9s aux besoins et aux situations r\u00e9elles de la grande majorit\u00e9 des populations locales. \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Q: Quels enjeux suppl\u00e9mentaires devraient \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9s par les chercheurs afin de contribuer \u00e0 une meilleure politique de gestion foresti\u00e8re ?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R:<\/b><\/span><\/span> \u00ab Nous avons beaucoup de questions en suspens. Comment les droits sont-ils mis en \u0153uvre ? Comment fonctionnent les institutions responsables de l’application des droits ? Autrement dit, <\/span><\/span>quel est le r\u00f4le du gouvernement<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>* dans le soutien ou l’emp\u00eachement des r\u00e9formes ? Comment les populations locales peuvent-elles surmonter les menaces qui p\u00e8sent sur leurs droits ? Je suis aussi int\u00e9ress\u00e9e par les enjeux de pouvoir et d’autorit\u00e9 entre les populations locales et au sein des communaut\u00e9s. D\u00e8s que les droits sont accord\u00e9s, comment est-ce que sont prises les d\u00e9cisions et comment les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sont-ils distribu\u00e9s (comme par exemple dans les territoires collectifs) ? Et enfin, de quelle mani\u00e8re peut-on renforcer les droits fonciers des femmes et leur r\u00f4le dans la prise de d\u00e9cision ? \u00bb <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

* Liens non traduits en fran\u00e7ais. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du <\/i><\/span><\/span>Programme de Recherche sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l\u2019Agroforesterie<\/a> du CIGAR<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> et il est soutenu par le D\u00e9partement britannique pour le d\u00e9veloppement international, la Fondation Ford et, pour l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine, Profor \/ la Banque mondiale. La Recherche initiale a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en collaboration avec l’Initiative pour les Droits et les Ressources.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LIMA, P\u00e9rou (10 Avril 2013) \u2013 Au cours des trente derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, au moins 200 millions d’hectares de for\u00eat* ont \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 des communaut\u00e9s locales ou \u00e0 des populations autochtones. Par cons\u00e9quent, les communaut\u00e9s poss\u00e8dent ou g\u00e8rent maintenant un peu plus de 11% des for\u00eats du monde – 22% dans les pays en […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[831],"class_list":["post-15490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInterview: la r\u00e9forme de la tenure foresti\u00e8re avance, mais des questions demeurent - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/15490\/interview-la-reforme-de-la-tenure-forestiere-avance-mais-des-questions-demeurent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interview: la r\u00e9forme de la tenure foresti\u00e8re avance, mais des questions demeurent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LIMA, P\u00e9rou (10 Avril 2013) \u2013 Au cours des trente derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, au moins 200 millions d’hectares de for\u00eat* ont \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 des communaut\u00e9s locales ou \u00e0 des populations autochtones. 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